{"id":2631,"date":"2019-03-04T04:15:51","date_gmt":"2019-03-04T04:15:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thuvienxaydung.com.vn\/?p=2631"},"modified":"2020-03-04T04:17:15","modified_gmt":"2020-03-04T04:17:15","slug":"san-lap-mat-bang","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/?p=2631","title":{"rendered":"San l\u1ea5p m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng"},"content":{"rendered":"

San l\u1ea5p m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng, l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c thi c\u00f4ng san ph\u1eb3ng n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng hay m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng quy ho\u1ea1ch, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean cao th\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau. San ph\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea5t cao nh\u1ea5t trong n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafp v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 th\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m ph\u1eb3ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 theo ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (m\u1eb7t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c san \u0111\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c san \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea5t thi c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y ngay b\u00ean trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1eeba hay thi\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 hay ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 (nh\u01b0 khi san c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp).<\/p>\n

Th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 hai d\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c san \u0111\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n

– San theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed1t cao \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng sau san, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1eeba hay thi\u1ebfu,<\/p>\n

– San theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t khi san, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p: san c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0o v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eafp, san v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eeba ra m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t sau san (\u0111\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1eafp) ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed1 \u00fd b\u1ed5 xung th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc san (\u0111\u1eafp nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e0o).<\/p>\n

\"san-lap-mat-bang\"<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf thi c\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c san<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Trong c\u1ea3 hai d\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c san, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf\u00a0thi c\u00f4ng san \u0111\u1ea5t\u00a0\u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c ki\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t qua hai b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

– Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng san (b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i thi c\u00f4ng, h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 c\u1ef1 ly v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t trung b\u00ecnh t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e0o sang v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eafp trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng.)<\/p>\n

– Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p thi c\u00f4ng san (thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p thi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c san \u0111\u1ea5t, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i thi c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u1ef1 ly v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n ch\u00fang trong khi san)<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng san<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh, qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ee9c trong b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3. Tuy v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t thi c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh chi ti\u1ebft cao \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m thu\u1ed9c m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

M\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh khu v\u1ef1c m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng\u00a0san\u00a0\u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ee9c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi song song v\u1edbi nhau. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1eaft vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c qua t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean khu v\u1ef1c m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t. Do \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n kh\u1ed1i t\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng th\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ea1y d\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t theo m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 h\u01a1i u\u1ed1n l\u01b0\u1ee3n nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i song song. Khi \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c cao \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i chia v\u00f9ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy ho\u1ea1ch th\u00e0nh l\u01b0\u1edbi \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng, d\u1ecdc theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ee9c, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c m\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1eb3ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng nhau. Khi \u0111\u00f3 coi g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed7i \u00f4 l\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c cao \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1edbi. C\u00e1c cao \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m \u1edf b\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ee9c. Kh\u1ed1i t\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng \u00f4 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng t\u00edch s\u1ed1 gi\u1eefa cao \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1edbi \u1edf 4 g\u00f3c \u00f4 v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4 l\u01b0\u1edbi. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t theo l\u01b0\u1edbi \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ee9c cong u\u1ed1n l\u01b0\u1ee3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng song song v\u1edbi nhau, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang thay \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u00ec trong m\u1ed7i \u00f4 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u1ebfu quy v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng th\u00ec sai s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn (4 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ee9 gi\u00e1c gh\u1ec1nh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1eb3ng). Khi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u01a1n, th\u00ec trong m\u1ed7i \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 hai m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng nghi\u00eang, (m\u1ed7i m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1o 3 trong 4 cao \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng), c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 hai n\u1eeda \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng, h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c vu\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chung c\u1ea1nh huy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng. Chia l\u01b0\u1edbi \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o c\u1ee7a \u00f4, sao cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o n\u00e0y song song nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ee9c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n. Kh\u1ed1i t\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng \u00f4 \u0111\u1ea5t tam gi\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng t\u00edch s\u1ed1 gi\u1eefa cao \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1edbi \u1edf 3 g\u00f3c \u00f4 v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4 l\u01b0\u1edbi tam gi\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t theo l\u01b0\u1edbi \u00f4 tam gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf sau san<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"san-lap-mat-bang\"<\/p>\n

D\u1ea1ng san theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed1t cao \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng sau san: th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc cao \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t b\u0103ng san, n\u00ean nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh to\u00e1n cao \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

D\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c san \u0111\u1ea5t theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t khi\u00a0san l\u1ea5p m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

San theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp (kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t ngo\u00e0i V0=0): Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafp. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng quy ho\u1ea1ch, t\u00ednh t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t th\u1ee7y chu\u1ea9n tr\u1edf l\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng, v\u1edbi cao \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh H0 so v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t th\u1ee7y chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft th\u00ec cao \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh: H0=\u03a3Si\/B<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi \u03a3Si l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n ph\u00eda tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t th\u1ee7y chu\u1ea9n, c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ea1y d\u1ecdc theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ee9c trong v\u00f9ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng quy ho\u1ea1ch. C\u00f2n B l\u00e0 b\u1ec1 ngang c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng quy ho\u1ea1ch (b\u1ec1 vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ee9c).<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u01b0\u1edbi \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng hay l\u01b0\u1edbi \u00f4 tam gi\u00e1c, th\u00ec cao \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 gi\u1eefa t\u1ed5ng kh\u1ed1i t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi \u00f4 l\u01b0\u1edbi, t\u00ednh t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t th\u1ee7y chu\u1ea9n tr\u1edf l\u00ean, v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng quy ho\u1ea1ch. T\u1ed5ng kh\u1ed1i t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi \u00f4 l\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh qua c\u00e1c cao \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1edbi, t\u00ednh t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t th\u1ee7y chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u01b0\u1edbi \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng: H0=(\u03a3H(1)j+2\u03a3H(2)j+4\u03a3H(4)j)\/4m<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u01b0\u1edbi \u00f4 tam gi\u00e1c: H0=(\u03a3H(1)j+2\u03a3H(2)j+3\u03a3H(3)j+…+6\u03a3H(6)j+…+8\u03a3 H(8)j)\/3n.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi H(1)j, H(2)j, H(3)j, H(4)j,…, H(6)j,…, H(8)j, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c cao \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1ea1i m\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1edbi \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 1, 2, 4 \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng quy t\u1ee5 xung quanh, hay c\u00e1c cao \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1ea1i m\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1edbi \u00f4 tam gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 1, 2, 3,…,6,…,8 \u00f4 tam gi\u00e1c quy t\u1ee5 xung quanh. V\u1edbi m l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong v\u00f9ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng quy ho\u1ea1ch. C\u00f2n n l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u00f4 tam gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 trong v\u00f9ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng quy ho\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n

San v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea5t ra sau san, hay th\u00eam \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i khi san (kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t ngo\u00e0i V0\u22600): \u0111\u1ed9 cao trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng san \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng cao \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh khi san c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp c\u00f3 th\u00eam hay b\u1edbt ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch \u0111\u1ed9 cao do l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00eam v\u00e0o hay b\u1edbt \u0111i \u0111em l\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t ngo\u00e0i V0\u22600 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3 cao \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh H0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh theo c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c sau:<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u01b0\u1edbi \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng: H0=((\u03a3H(1)j+2\u03a3H(2)j+4\u03a3H(4)j)\/4m)\u00b1(V0\/(ma\u00b2))<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u01b0\u1edbi \u00f4 tam gi\u00e1c: H0=((\u03a3H(1)j+2\u03a3H(2)j+3\u03a3H(3)j+…+6\u03a3H(6)j+…+8\u00a0\u00a0 H(8)j)\/3n)\u00b1(2V0\/(na\u00b2)).<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi a l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c m\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1edbi (c\u1ea1nh h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4 l\u01b0\u1edbi).<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 san to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1t cao \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh H0, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khu quy ho\u1ea1ch (nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a,…). C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o cho khu v\u1ef1c quy ho\u1ea1ch th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t d\u1ed1c tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t thi c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9nh m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng san theo \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf quanh cao \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh H0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp trong khi ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i m\u1eb7t d\u1ed1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ta l\u1ea5y cao \u0111\u1ed9 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u00fang b\u1eb1ng cao \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh H0, sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9nh th\u00eam v\u00e0 b\u1edbt c\u00e1c cao \u0111\u1ed9 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u1edf hai ph\u00eda c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m tr\u00ean, nh\u1eefng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00eanh cao t\u00ednh theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c, sao cho \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp. Cao \u0111\u1ed9 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m hai b\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u1eb7t d\u1ed1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

htkj = H0\u00b1itkl0.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi itk l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho tr\u01b0\u1edbc theo trong nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf (%), v\u00e0 l0 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh cao \u0111\u1ed9 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1edbi tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u1eb7t d\u1ed1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u1eb7t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf sau san. L\u00fac n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 hai cao \u0111\u1ed9: cao \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean htnj) v\u00e0 cao \u0111\u1ed9 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf (c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t san thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf htkj).<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t sau khi san \u1edf c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e0o l\u1eabn ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eafp, tr\u00e1nh s\u1ea1t l\u1edf c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5t sau\u00a0san l\u1ea5p m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng, th\u00ec khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng san, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c m\u00e1i ta-luy vi\u1ec1n quanh m\u1eb7t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf sau san, theo \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c cho ph\u00e9p t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c cho ph\u00e9p t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c t\u1ed1i \u0111a m\u00e0 m\u00e1i ta-luy \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e0o hay \u0111\u1eafp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ee7a m\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Trong v\u00f9ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng san s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp O-O. Ranh gi\u1edbi O-O n\u00e0y l\u00e0 giao tuy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t san thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

T\u00ednh to\u00e1n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed9 cao c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c hctj c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng quy ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1 gi\u1eefa cao \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi cao \u0111\u1ed9 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3: hctj = htnj – htkj. Khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng quy ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m trong khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb d\u01b0\u01a1ng hctj > 0 (trong khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean cao h\u01a1n m\u1eb7t san thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf), v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eafp c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u00e2m: hctj < 0 (trong khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n m\u1eb7t san thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf). Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 c\u00f3 hctj = 0 th\u00ec n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean ranh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00f9y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c, theo \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e2n t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n k\u1eb9p gi\u1eefa hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng: \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf sau san, v\u1edbi l\u1ea1i chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u00e1c th\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t (chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i d\u1ecdc theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n san). N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea7n di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e0o, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea7n di\u1ec7n t\u00edch n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafp. Ranh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp O-O, trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng giao \u0111i\u1ec3m, tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, c\u1ee7a hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng: \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf sau san.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p chia m\u1ea1ng \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng \u00f4 tam gi\u00e1c, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh qua \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e1c m\u1eaft \u00f4 l\u01b0\u1edbi. Khi t\u00ednh kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c tr\u00ean t\u1eebng \u00f4 l\u01b0\u1edbi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ea1ng \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng hay m\u1ea1ng \u00f4 tam gi\u00e1c, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 3 lo\u1ea1i \u00f4 l\u01b0\u1edbi:<\/p>\n

Lo\u1ea1i \u00f4 c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u1ea1i m\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1edbi d\u01b0\u01a1ng hctj > 0, l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u00f4 n\u1eb1m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e0o;<\/p>\n

Lo\u1ea1i \u00f4 c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u1ea1i m\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e2m hctj < 0, l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u00f4 n\u1eb1m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eafp;<\/p>\n

Lo\u1ea1i \u00f4 ch\u1ee9a c\u1ea3 m\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f3 cao \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c v\u1eeba \u00e2m v\u1eeba d\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f3 hctj > 0 l\u1eabn m\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f3 hctj < 0, l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u00f4 n\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e8 l\u00ean ranh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp O-O (ranh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp c\u1eaft qua nh\u1eefng \u00f4 n\u00e0y).<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi hai lo\u1ea1i \u00f4 n\u1eb1m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e0o hay v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eafp, th\u00ec kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c, (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 nhau nh\u01b0ng tr\u00e1i d\u1ea5u: \u00f4 \u0111\u00e0o th\u00ec d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n \u00f4 \u0111\u1eafp th\u00ec \u00e2m), b\u1eb1ng t\u00edch s\u1ed1 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9 cao trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a 3 (tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u00f4 tam gi\u00e1c) hay 4 (tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng) \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1edbi \u1edf g\u00f3c \u00f4 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4 l\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

\u00b7M\u1ea1ng \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng: Vi = (hct1+hct2+hct3+hct4)a\u00b2\/4<\/p>\n

\u00b7M\u1ea1ng \u00f4 tam gi\u00e1c: Vi = (hct1+hct2+hct3)a\u00b2\/6<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi Vi l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c trong t\u1eebng \u00f4 l\u01b0\u1edbi, hctj l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u1ea1i m\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ee9 j c\u1ee7a \u00f4 l\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00d4 l\u01b0\u1edbi tam gi\u00e1c v\u1eaft ngang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng O-O<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i \u00f4 n\u1eb1m v\u1eaft ngang ranh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp O-O: tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u1edf m\u1ed7i \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a hai \u00f4 tam gi\u00e1c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n x\u00e9t t\u1edbi m\u1ea1ng \u00f4 l\u01b0\u1edbi tam gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn m\u1ed9t trong 3 \u0111\u1ec9nh m\u1eaft \u00f4 l\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c (g\u1ecdi cao \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 hct1) tr\u00e1i d\u1ea5u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cao \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u1ea1i hai \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i (hct2, hct3). \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ranh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp O-O chia \u00f4 tam gi\u00e1c \u0111ang x\u00e9t th\u00e0nh hai n\u1eeda:<\/p>\n

Ph\u00eda cao \u0111\u1ed9 hct1 kh\u1ed1i t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh ch\u00f3p tam gi\u00e1c (Vch\u00f3p\u0394) v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u cao l\u00e0 hct1, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh qua di\u1ec7n t\u00edch h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng SOO1. Qua bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1c SOO1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1eaft \u00f4 l\u01b0\u1edbi:<\/p>\n

SOO1 = (hct1)\u00b2a\u00b2\/2(hct1+hct2)(hct1+hct3).<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, Vch\u00f3p\u0394 = (hct1)\u00b3a\u00b2\/6(hct1+hct2)(hct1+hct3).<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch t\u00ednh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4 l\u01b0\u1edbi tam gi\u00e1c n\u1eb1n tr\u00ean ranh gi\u1edbi O-O<\/p>\n

Ph\u00eda c\u00e1c cao \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c hct2, hct3, c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i t\u00edch l\u00e0 V1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh trung gian V2, t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft n\u00e2ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00ean cao th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00eanh cao l\u00e0 hct1. H\u00ecnh trung gian V2 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh Vch\u00f3p\u0394, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u0103ng tr\u1ee5 tam gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u cao l\u00e0 hct1. G\u1ecdi th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh ch\u00f3p l\u1edbn n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c cao \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ranh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp O-O l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

Vch\u00f3p l\u1edbn = V1+V2.<\/p>\n

Th\u00eam Vch\u00f3p\u0394 v\u00e0o ta c\u00f3: V = Vch\u00f3p l\u1edbn+Vch\u00f3p\u0394 = V1+V2+Vch\u00f3p\u0394 = V1+Vl\u0103ng tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

Suy ra: V1 = Vch\u00f3p l\u1edbn+Vch\u00f3p\u0394-Vl\u0103ng tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi Vl\u0103ng tr\u1ee5 =a\u00b2hct1\/2.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 Vch\u00f3p l\u1edbn = (2hct1+hct2+hct3)a\u00b2\/6.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xong t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eafp c\u1ee7a \u00f4 l\u01b0\u1edbi tam gi\u00e1c n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean ranh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai th\u1ec3 t\u00edch: Vch\u00f3p\u0394, V1.<\/p>\n

Sau khi t\u00ednh kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u00ean trong m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng quy ho\u1ea1ch xong, th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eafp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00e1i ta-luy n\u1eb1m xung quanh b\u00ean r\u00eca m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng\u00a0san l\u1ea5p. C\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i: kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ta-luy \u0111\u00e0o v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ta-luy \u0111\u1eafp. \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a hai lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb l\u1eabn nhau, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf ta-luy \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafp sang ta-luy \u0111\u1eafp. Tuy nhi\u00ean trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, hai kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi nhau, khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t ta-luy th\u1eeba hay thi\u1ebfu (th\u1ef1c ra m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 trong t\u00ednh to\u00e1n) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111em t\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00ean tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng san n\u1ebfu th\u1eeba (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c m\u00e1i ta-luy) hay b\u00f3c \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng san \u0111i \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3t chi\u1ec1u d\u1ea7y nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u00e1i ta-luy) \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 v\u00e0o n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu. Khi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1eb7t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf san, v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ranh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i. M\u1eb7t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf san m\u1edbi song song v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf san c\u0169. B\u00e0i to\u00e1n san tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh san v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng V0 kh\u00e1c 0, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh l\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp. Do \u0111\u00f3 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00edt c\u00f3 b\u00e0i to\u00e1n san n\u1ec1n c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay.<\/p>\n

San \u0111\u1ea5t theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc cao \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh H0, m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf san \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 d\u1ea1ng san theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng: \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1eb9p gi\u1eefa hai m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf sau san.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

San l\u1ea5p m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng, l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c thi c\u00f4ng san ph\u1eb3ng n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng hay m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng quy ho\u1ea1ch, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean cao th\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau. San ph\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea5t cao nh\u1ea5t trong n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2633,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[110,109],"class_list":["post-2631","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc","tag-san-lap-mat-bang","tag-san-nen"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2631","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2631"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2631\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2636,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2631\/revisions\/2636"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2633"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2631"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2631"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2631"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}