{"id":1404,"date":"2019-07-14T07:17:43","date_gmt":"2019-07-14T07:17:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thuvienxaydung.com.vn\/?p=1404"},"modified":"2019-07-14T07:17:43","modified_gmt":"2019-07-14T07:17:43","slug":"nhung-diem-can-luu-y-khi-lap-thiet-ke-cong-trinh-va-len-du-toan-cung-nhu-tong-muc-dau-tu-du-an","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/?p=1404","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd khi l\u1eadp thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u00ean d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n"},"content":{"rendered":"
1.D\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh <\/strong>c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u00f9y theo quy m\u00f4, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc, hai b\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c ba b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 sau:<\/div>\n

>>>>>>Xem th\u00eam : M\u1eabu h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 d\u1ef1 th\u1ea7u d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

>>>>>>Xem th\u00eam : Nh\u1eefng l\u01b0u \u00fd khi l\u00e0m h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 d\u1ef1 th\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

>>>>>>Xem th\u00eam : B\u00e1o gi\u00e1 l\u1eadp h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 d\u1ef1 th\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Tham kh\u1ea3o c\u00e1c m\u1eabu d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n :<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

– M\u1eabu d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n nh\u00e0 x\u01b0\u1edfng<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

– M\u1eabu d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng<\/p>\n

– M\u1eabu d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n c\u1ecdc b\u00ea t\u00f4ng ly t\u00e2m<\/p>\n

– M\u1eabu d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n nh\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1<\/p>\n

– M\u1eabu d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n nh\u00e0 l\u00f4 ph\u1ed1<\/p>\n

– M\u1eabu d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t chung c\u01b0<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

– M\u1eabu d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n ph\u00f2ng ch\u00e1y ch\u1eefa ch\u00e1y
\na) Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 l\u1eadp B\u00e1o c\u00e1o kinh t\u1ebf – k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, b\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf, b\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed9p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi c\u00f4ng.
\n\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1eabu, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh do c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n ban h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi c\u00f4ng;
\nb) Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf hai b\u01b0\u1edbc bao g\u1ed3m b\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m a, \u0111i\u1ec3m c kho\u1ea3n n\u00e0y. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, b\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed9p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi c\u00f4ng;
\nc) Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ba b\u01b0\u1edbc bao g\u1ed3m b\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf, b\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.Tu\u1ef3 theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ba b\u01b0\u1edbc do ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n

2. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu sau<\/strong><\/em>
\n2.1. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7
\nBao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng  nh\u1eefng  c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 x\u00e2y c\u1ea7u gi\u1edd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nhau: ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00fac h\u1eabng, d\u00e2y v\u0103ng, x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef T, ch\u1eef I\u2026t\u00f9y theo c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, m\u1ed7i ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nhau. Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a.
\n2.2. C\u00f4ng n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng
\nT\u1eeb th\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00ecnh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft . Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea3y sinh tr\u00ean nhu c\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.
\nT\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhu c\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng  : nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n, trung t\u00e2m mua s\u1eafm, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh giao th\u00f4ng\u2026.\u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n cho h\u1ecd nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 : x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u1edf, x\u00e2y c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111i l\u1ea1i\u2026
\n2.3. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac
\nKhi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ebd gi\u00fap kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ch\u1ecdn cho m\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u nh\u1ea5t.
\nV\u00ed d\u1ee5 khi x\u00e2y m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n nh\u00ecn ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 s\u1ebd r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn v\u00e0 \u1ea5m c\u00fang, t\u00f9y v\u00e0o nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau.
\n2.4. Tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh
\nTr\u01b0\u1edbc nay \u00edt ai quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd, s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, khi x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.
\nTu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ec9 th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh . v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf trong v\u00f2ng 10 n\u0103m ph\u1ea3i tu s\u1eefa l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c x\u00e2y m\u1edbi. Tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c (sau khi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng hay sau m\u1ed9t s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn) cho t\u1edbi khi chuy\u1ec3n sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. Tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thi c\u00f4ng…
\n2.5. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u
\nK\u1ebft c\u1ea5u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng  bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ee1, n\u1ed9i l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c l\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.
\nK\u1ebft c\u1ea5u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng .
\nY\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.
\nThi\u1ebft k\u1ebf x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng
\nH\u00ecnh 2 : Thi\u00ea\u0301t k\u00ea\u0301 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4\u0300ng b\u00f4\u0323 v\u00ea\u0300 h\u00ecnh th\u00ea\u0309 v\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc
\n2.6. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y n\u1ed5
\nG\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 ch\u00e1y n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra, do nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 : ch\u1eadp \u0111i\u1ec7n, r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 \u0111i\u1ec7n\u2026. V\u00ec v\u1eady c\u1ea7n t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y n\u1ed5, nh\u01b0 lu\u00f4n trang b\u1ecb  b\u00ecnh c\u1ee9u h\u1ecfa, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00f3 b\u1eaft l\u1eeda\u2026 V\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft.
\n2.7. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao
\nNg\u00e0y nay ta th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 : m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi,s\u1ee9c gi\u00f3, n\u01b0\u1edbc\u2026v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n, l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng. C\u1ea7n t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng , \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 h\u1ecd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.
\n2.8 Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng
\nGi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng xanh hay c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng nh\u1eb1m h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao trong s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eady, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh theo nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh xanh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.
\nKh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Do v\u1eady vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 ra c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 : th\u00f4ng  gi\u00f3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00ec nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00edt c\u1eeda (\u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp), tr\u1ed3ng cau tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 ( \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3n gi\u00f3 nam m\u00e1t m\u1ebb), tr\u1ed3ng chu\u1ed1i sau nh\u00e0 ( \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n gi\u00f3 b\u1ea5c l\u1ea1nh ). V\u1eeba b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng, v\u1eeba t\u1ea1o sinh th\u00e1i xung quanh ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0.
\nT\u01b0 v\u1ea5n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng
\nH\u00ecnh 3 : Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.
\n2.9 T\u1ed5ng d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n, d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n chi ph\u00ed x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng
\nD\u1ef1 to\u00e1n l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp cho t\u1eebng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n theo kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. D\u1ef1 to\u00e1n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 giao nh\u1eadn th\u1ea7u x\u00e2y l\u1eafp.
\n\u01af\u1edbc l\u1eadp l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 l\u1eadp b\u1ea3ng d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1 xi m\u0103ng l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec m\u00ecnh l\u1ea5y kho\u1ea3ng trung b\u00ecnh th\u00f4i, sau \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ed3 l\u1eadp b\u1ea3ng d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1.D\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u00f9y theo quy m\u00f4, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc, hai b\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c ba b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":954,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1404","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1404","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1404"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1404\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1405,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1404\/revisions\/1405"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/954"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1404"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1404"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1404"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}