{"id":1252,"date":"2019-07-13T23:12:20","date_gmt":"2019-07-13T23:12:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thuvienxaydung.com.vn\/?p=1252"},"modified":"2019-07-13T23:15:23","modified_gmt":"2019-07-13T23:15:23","slug":"nhung-kien-thuc-co-ban-ve-cong-tac-do-dac-trong-xay-dung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/?p=1252","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng"},"content":{"rendered":"

I. NHI\u1ec6M V\u1ee4 C\u1ee6A C\u00d4NG T\u00c1C TR\u1eaeC \u0110\u1ecaA TRONG X\u00c2Y D\u1ef0NG<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e2u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao \u0111\u1ec1u bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u0103ng cao. Trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng, thu\u1ef7 l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cao t\u1ea7ng \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u l\u1edbn b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00fac h\u1eabng, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i thu\u1ef7 l\u1ee3i, thu\u1ef7 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba .<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00e0: \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00fang k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. Ch\u1ec9 khi hai y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng th\u00ec c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n sau:<\/p>\n

– C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

– Th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/p>\n

– Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed chi ti\u1ebft c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh .<\/p>\n

– Ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng (ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh).<\/p>\n

– Quan tr\u1eafc chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/p>\n

Do y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng cao c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c trong tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u00f3 gradient nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4i khi r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e1y m\u00f3c tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7t ra. V\u00ec l\u00fd do tr\u00ean n\u00ean trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb chuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 thay m\u1eb7t b\u00ean A gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi c\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7t ra g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho vi\u1ec7c thi c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fang ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

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II. C\u00c1C H\u1ec6 TO\u1ea0 \u0110\u1ed8 D\u00d9NG TRONG X\u00c2Y D\u1ef0NG <\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 X, Y, H trong \u0111\u00f3 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 X v\u00e0 Y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng, H l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. M\u1eb7t chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n d\u00f9ng trong h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (sea level) n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng thi c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng (ground level) ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 cao theo m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u00b1 0 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh (plan level).<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f3 hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

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1 H\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/strong><\/p>\n

1.1 C\u00e1ch d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 qui \u01b0\u1edbc hay h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp b\u1edfi hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi nhau, tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ee9ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Y (tr\u1ee5c tung), tr\u1ee5c ngang k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 X (tr\u1ee5c ho\u00e0nh). Giao \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a hai tr\u1ee5c n\u00e0y (th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 O) g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 (H.II.1.1)<\/p>\n

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V\u1edbi h\u1ec7 tr\u1ee5c to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m P n\u00e0o tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c (x,y) – ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111ang x\u00e9t t\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1eb3ng vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Trong c\u1eb7p s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c n\u00e0y gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ho\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9 x \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n tung \u0111\u1ed9 y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft sau.<\/p>\n

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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 H.II.1.1 H\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

1.2\u00a0 T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

a. H\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng tu\u1ef3 \u00fd trong m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng.<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u00ean ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t trong hai tr\u1ee5c (X ho\u1eb7c Y) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tu\u1ef3 \u00fd. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ee5c X ho\u1eb7c Y song song ho\u1eb7c vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh. V\u1edbi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

b. G\u1ed1c to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn tu\u1ef3 \u00fd<\/em><\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 sau khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn ch\u00fang \u0111i m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tu\u1ef3 \u00fd. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn g\u1ed1c to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t \u1edf g\u00f3c b\u00ean tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 g\u00e1n cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1eb5n. V\u1edbi g\u1ed1c to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec1u mang d\u1ea5u (+) \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n

1.3 Ph\u1ea1m vi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp r\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi h\u1eb9p kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i km2<\/sup> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng. Trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 qui \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

2\u00a0 H\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia<\/strong><\/p>\n

2.1 Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chung trong ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 2000 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 HN-72, elipxoit WGS-84, l\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u1ebfu Gauss Kriugher. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2000 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta chuy\u1ec3n sang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 VN-2000 l\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u1ebfu UTM.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u trong khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh vv\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y v\u00ec v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfu m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng.<\/p>\n

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Trong h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 HN-72 ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e9p chi\u1ebfu Gauss Kriugher. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p chi\u1ebfu h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 ngang \u0111\u1ed3ng g\u00f3c, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ed3ng tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 ngang c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t (H\u00ecnh II.2.2a)<\/p>\n

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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H.II.2.1 Ph\u00e9p chi\u1ebfu h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 ngang<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 giao c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n n\u00e0y \u0111i qua hai c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kinh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c. \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00ean m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta chi\u1ebfu t\u1eeb t\u00e2m tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t ra m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edf tr\u1ea3i h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 ra ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng<\/p>\n

D\u0129 nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean kinh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e0ng c\u00e1ch xa kinh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng khi bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00ean m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfu ri\u00eang t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00ean m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta chia m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kinh tuy\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u00fai c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng 60<\/sup> (ho\u1eb7c 30<\/sup>) v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t chi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c m\u00fai n\u00e0y l\u00ean m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng h.II.2b<\/p>\n

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A<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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B<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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H.II.2.2 H\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n
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H.II.2.3 Bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng trong l\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u1ebfu UTM<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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H\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e9p chi\u1ebfu h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 ngang v\u1edbi m\u00fai chi\u1ebfu 6\u00b0, hai tr\u1ee5c to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a kinh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c (tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ee9ng, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 X) v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o (tr\u1ee5c ngang, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Y). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 trong h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c N (h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eafc) v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c ngang l\u00e0 E (h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u00f4ng) \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu g\u00e1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb X0<\/sub>=0,Y0<\/sub>=0 cho giao \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a kinh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00edch \u0111ao th\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a kinh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c s\u1ebd c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb Y(E) mang d\u1ea5u (-). \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u00e1n cho \u0111i\u1ec3m O gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb Y0<\/sub> = 500.000m. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ebd c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 (+) \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn trong ghi ch\u00e9p v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c ch\u00fang ta x\u00e9t tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 HN-72. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n th\u1ec1m l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba) g\u1ed3m 3 m\u00fai 6\u00b0\u00a0 v\u1edbi kinh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c 105, 111 v\u00e0 117. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u00fai 3\u00b0 v\u1edbi kinh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c 105\u00b0 , 108\u00b0 , 111\u00b0, 114\u00b0 v\u00e0 117\u00b0. C\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u do t\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Khi c\u1ea5p to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 x v\u00e0 y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m bao gi\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng c\u1ea5p th\u00eam c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin nh\u01b0 kinh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111ang d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 VN-2000 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7n nay th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p chi\u1ebfu h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5c ngang. Ph\u00e9p chi\u1ebfu n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c ph\u00e9p chi\u1ebfu Gauss \u1edf ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u1edf kinh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c m0<\/sub> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng 1,000 nh\u01b0 ph\u00e9p chi\u1ebfu Gauss m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng 0,9996 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u1edf kinh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111o tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd s\u1ebd nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i th\u1ef1c tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Trong ph\u00e9p chi\u1ebfu n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hai v\u1ecb tr\u00ed A v\u00e0 B kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa A v\u00e0 B c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng \u00e2m (k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t ) ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i A v\u00e0 B c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd s\u1ebd l\u1edbn h\u01a1n k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t trong khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e9p chi\u1ebfu Gauss tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean kinh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1edbn h\u01a1n k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng do ph\u00e9p chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/p>\n

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(1)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c:<\/p>\n

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Trong \u0111\u00f3 ym<\/sub> l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 y trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng \u0111ang x\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

R- B\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t (R = 6371km)<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi ph\u00e9p chi\u1ebfu UTM d\u00f9ng trong h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 VN-2000 hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p chi\u1ebfu h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 ngang t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i m = , trong \u0111\u00f3 m0<\/sub> l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i t\u1ea1i kinh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c (m0<\/sub>=1 trong ph\u00e9p chi\u1ebfu Gauss Kriugher d\u00f9ng trong h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 HN-72).<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u00e2y ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

2.2 Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ee5c tr\u1eb7c th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng khi l\u1eadp d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba – \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u l\u1eadp b\u00e1o c\u00e1o kh\u1ea3 thi v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh . \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 qui m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 qui m\u00f4 l\u1edbn b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

Khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia do ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng am hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch gi\u01b0\u00e3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd. N\u1ebfu bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng do l\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn th\u00ec s\u1ebd g\u00e2y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u phi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y l\u1eafp c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u l\u1edbn \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta.<\/p>\n

Quy ph\u1ea1m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u00f5: H\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f9ng trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o sao cho bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i do l\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 1\/200.000. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn kinh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c cho\u00a0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 VN-2000 ho\u1eb7c HN-72 n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i t\u1ea1i kinh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c m0<\/sub> =1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u1ebfu sao cho khu v\u1ef1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch kinh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 20km vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh do ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp s\u1eb5n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i do l\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 1\/200.000 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t g\u00eda tr\u1ecb to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 Y (E) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. N\u1ebfu (Y-500.000) <<\/u> 20.000 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1ch kinh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 20km v\u00e0 sai l\u1ec7ch chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i gi\u1eefa 2 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111o tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 1\/200000. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu (Y-500.000) > 20.000 th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh chuy\u1ec3n to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 sao cho kinh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c \u0111i v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa ho\u1eb7c s\u00e1t m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng .<\/p>\n

Trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4i khi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i x\u1ea3y ra\u00a0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c nhau) nh\u01b0ng to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 do hai nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i sai kh\u00e1c nhau r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra khi hai nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hai kinh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh chuy\u1ec3n to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kinh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn chung n\u1ebfu m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn l\u1eafm th\u00ec t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 qui \u01b0\u1edbc (\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp). C\u00f2n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00ec c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng do l\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

III. C\u00c1C B\u00c0I TO\u00c1N LI\u00caN QUAN \u0110\u1ebeN TO\u1ea0 \u0110\u1ed8 C\u1ee6A C\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec2M<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i to\u00e1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n

1. B\u00e0i to\u00e1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 g\u00f3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb (b\u00e0i to\u00e1n thu\u1eadn)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00f3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

X<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

D<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Y<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

A<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

B<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

aBA<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

aAB<\/sub><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

DX<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

DY<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh III.1.1 X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

G\u00f3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 g\u00f3c theo chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 h\u1ee3p b\u1edfi\u00a0 h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 tr\u1ee5c to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 (ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng song song v\u1edbi n\u00f3) v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng \u0111ang x\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng AB nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh III.1, mu\u1ed1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n AB (k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 aAB<\/sub> ) th\u00ec t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m A ta k\u1ebb m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng song song v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c N v\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00f3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb aAB<\/sub> nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed ta \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m B nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111i\u1ec3m A, Theo quy t\u1eafc n\u00f3i tr\u00ean ta s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c aBA<\/sub> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u1ebb t\u1eeb B m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng song song v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c N nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb aAB<\/sub> ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00f3c aBA<\/sub>. G\u00f3c aBA<\/sub> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a aAB<\/sub>.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd ta th\u1ea5y aBA<\/sub> = aAB<\/sub> + 1800<\/sup> ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00f3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng g\u00f3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb xu\u00f4i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam 1800<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed \u0111i\u1ec3m A \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 (NA<\/sub> EA<\/sub>), ngo\u00e0i ra ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft g\u00f3c aAB<\/sub> v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i SAB<\/sub>. Theo h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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(2)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

DXAB<\/sub> = SAB<\/sub> cos aAB<\/sub><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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(3)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

DYAB<\/sub> = SAB<\/sub> sinh aAB<\/sub><\/p>\n

DN v\u00e0 DE l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 gia to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec3m B so v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m A.<\/p>\n

To\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec3m B s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c:<\/p>\n

XB<\/sub> = XA<\/sub> + DXAB<\/sub><\/p>\n

YB<\/sub> = YA<\/sub> + DYAB<\/sub><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec3m B. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch S v\u00e0 g\u00f3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb a. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch S ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111o chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o c\u00f2n vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh g\u00f3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf ph\u1ea7n sau.<\/p>\n

2. B\u00e0i to\u00e1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u00f3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i theo to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m (b\u00e0i to\u00e1n ngh\u1ecbch).<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00e0i to\u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ra th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Ngo\u00e0i ra n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ki\u1ec3m tra, nghi\u1ec7m thu c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh .<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c (2) ta c\u00f3<\/p>\n

D<\/em>X2<\/sup> = D2<\/sup>cos2<\/sup><\/em>a<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

D<\/em>Y2<\/sup> = D2<\/sup>sin2<\/sup><\/em>a<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

(5)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

(4)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

D<\/em> =<\/p>\n

a<\/em>AB<\/sub><\/em> = Arctg<\/em><\/p>\n

Khi gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i to\u00e1n n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd x\u00e9t d\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a DN v\u00e0 DE \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m. T\u1eeb h\u1ec7 tr\u1ee5c to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a g\u00f3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb ta c\u00f3 b\u1ea3ng x\u00e9t d\u1ea5u nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

D<\/strong>N<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

D<\/strong>E<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

0 < a < 900<\/sup><\/td>\n\n

+<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

900<\/sup> < a < 1800<\/sup><\/td>\n\n

–<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1800<\/sup> < a < 2700<\/sup><\/td>\n\n

–<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

2700<\/sup> < a < 3600<\/sup><\/td>\n\n

+<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

–<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

C\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n xu\u00f4i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh s\u1eb5n c\u00e0i v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ea7m tay lo\u1ea1i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (Scientific calculator). C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t, c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00ean mang theo n\u00f3 ra ngo\u00e0i hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

IV. L\u01af\u1edaI KH\u1ed0NG CH\u1ebe TO\u1ea0 \u0110\u1ed8 TR\u00caN C\u00c1C M\u1eb6T B\u1eb0NG X\u00c2Y D\u1ef0NG <\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00ec tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1c b\u00eat\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Ngo\u00e0i to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 X(N) v\u00e0 Y(E) ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n d\u1eabn c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 cao ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed, \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c ki\u1ec3m tra, nghi\u1ec7m thu v\u00e0 \u0111o v\u1ebd ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

2. M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m trong l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed v\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng. Theo TCVN, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u1ee9 2-3 ha c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 4 \u0111i\u1ec3m. Nh\u00ecn chung c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 r\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng. Nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0y h\u01a1n, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u01b0a h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

3. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf<\/strong><\/p>\n

3.1\u00a0 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tam gi\u00e1c<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

3.1.1. L\u01b0\u1edbi tam gi\u00e1c \u0111o g\u00f3c<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

b3<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

b2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

b1<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

S<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

a \u0111<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi tam gi\u00e1c. Trong l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c g\u00f3c trong c\u00e1c tam gi\u00e1c v\u00ec v\u1eady l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi tam gi\u00e1c \u0111o g\u00f3c. H. IV.1.1<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 H\u00ecnh IV.1\u00a0 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Mu\u1ed1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng th\u00ec \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3m I) chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ea1nh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 I-II = D) v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ea1nh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 a\u0111<\/sub>) khi \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c tam gi\u00e1c ta s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea1nh c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c g\u00f3c \u0111o v\u00e0 g\u00f3c a\u0111<\/sub> ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i to\u00e1n xu\u00f4i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1ea1nh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed3m 2 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3m I v\u00e0 II) d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u1eb7p \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i D v\u00e0 g\u00f3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb a\u0111<\/sub>\u00a0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea1nh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng b\u00e0i to\u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 cho m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi. N\u1ebfu v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong 2 \u0111i\u1ec3m (I ho\u1eb7c II) b\u1ecb sai th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 hai c\u1eb7p \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u kia c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c, tuy m\u1ed7i tam gi\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111o hai g\u00f3c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u01b0ng trong quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111o c\u1ea3 3 g\u00f3c. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111o th\u00eam g\u00f3c th\u1ee9 3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111o th\u1eeba nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111o th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111o.<\/p>\n

3.1.2. L\u01b0\u1edbi tam gi\u00e1c \u0111o c\u1ea1nh<\/em><\/p>\n

L\u01b0\u1edbi tam gi\u00e1c \u0111o c\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u gi\u1ed1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi tam gi\u00e1c \u0111o g\u00f3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean trong l\u01b0\u1edbi thay v\u00ec \u0111o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c g\u00f3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea1nh. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ea1nh \u0111o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ednh ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c g\u00f3c trong tam gi\u00e1c. Ti\u1ebfp theo vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ebd gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1edbi tam gi\u00e1c \u0111o g\u00f3c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1edbi tam gi\u00e1c \u0111o c\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111o th\u1eeba v\u00ec v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sai s\u00f3t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c. Mu\u1ed1n ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ee9 gi\u00e1c \u0111o 2 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trung t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u01b0\u1edbi tam gi\u00e1c \u0111o g\u00f3c c\u1ea1nh k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c tam gi\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c g\u00f3c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

3.2. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec1n<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00e1c m\u00e1y \u0111o xa \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.<\/p>\n

Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eaby kh\u00fac bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c g\u00f3c \u0111o n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0\u00a0 H. IV.1b<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1edbi tam gi\u00e1c, mu\u1ed1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m trong l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u1ea1nh g\u1ed1c c\u00f3 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft (c\u1ea1nh I-II) g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh g\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u1ea1nh g\u1ed1c g\u1ed3m 2 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1edbi tam gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec1n kh\u00e9p k\u00edn<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 H.IV.1b ta c\u00f3:<\/p>\n

aII-III<\/sub> = aI-II<\/sub> + b1<\/sub> – 1800<\/sup><\/p>\n

aIII-IV<\/sub> = aII-III<\/sub> + b2<\/sub> – 1800<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.<\/p>\n

aXIV-XV<\/sub> = aXIII-XIV<\/sub> + bn<\/sub> – 1800<\/sup><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u00fang ta t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00f3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea1nh trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec1n, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam c\u00e1c c\u1ea1nh \u0111o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp D1<\/sub>, D2<\/sub>,\u2026..DN<\/sub> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 gia to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 DX v\u00e0 DY cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m trong l\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t linh ho\u1ea1t, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn 2 \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e2n c\u1eadn v\u00ec v\u1eady r\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng .<\/p>\n

3.3\u00a0 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 GPS<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (Global Positionning System – GPS) l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c. Hi\u1ec7n nay h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh .<\/p>\n

\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 GPS l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e2n c\u1eadn nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tam gi\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec1n. Trong nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m th\u00f4ng tho\u00e1ng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ec7 tinh \u1edf tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng \u0111ang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang c\u00f2n cao n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

4. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang so v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

– So v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f9ng c\u1ea5p h\u1ea1ng, l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh (g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ) th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u1ea1nh ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 sai s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m trong l\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

– V\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1edbi tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb thi c\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb thi c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c T\u0110\u0110T\u00a0 th\u00ec l\u01b0\u1edbi T\u0110CT \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea1nh song song v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb thi c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb thi c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng tu\u1ef3 \u00fd mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

5. Quy tr\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh <\/strong><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf T\u0110CT \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n sau khi \u0111\u00e3 s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 san l\u1ea5p v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng. Tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

*. L\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh sau:<\/p>\n

– M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u01b0\u1edbi T\u0110CT .<\/p>\n

– Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1edbi T\u0110CT .<\/p>\n

– \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/p>\n

– Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c m\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1edbi T\u0110CT<\/p>\n

*. Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ho\u00e1 l\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/p>\n

*. Ch\u1ecdn \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ch\u00f4n m\u1ed1c ngo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba<\/p>\n

*. \u0110o g\u00f3c v\u00e0 \u0111o c\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 cao trong l\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

*. X\u1eed l\u00fd to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c trong l\u01b0\u1edbi,\u00a0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

*. B\u00e0n giao l\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb thi c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

TCXDVN quy \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n giao l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u ch\u1eadm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 2 tu\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh thi c\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

V. \u0110O \u0110\u1ea0C KI\u1ec2M TRA TR\u00caN C\u00d4NG TR\u00ccNH X\u00c2Y D\u1ef0NG<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110o \u0111\u1ea1c ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y l\u1eafp c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c sai l\u1ec7ch v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 dung sai cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda v\u00e0 r\u00fat kinh nghi\u1ec7m cho c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c x\u00e2y l\u1eafp trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp theo.<\/p>\n

N\u1ed9i dung c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c ki\u1ec3m tra g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

– \u0110o \u0111\u1ea1c ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1c kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/p>\n

– \u0110o \u0111\u1ea1c ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

– \u0110o \u0111\u1ea1c ki\u1ec3m tra k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

– \u0110o \u0111\u1ea1c ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n

– \u0110o d\u1ea1c ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0 \u0110o \u0111\u1ea1c ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1c kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 cao<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a quy ph\u1ea1m, ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1c kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi kh\u1edfi c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c m\u1ed1c chu\u1ea9n sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee9\u00a0 s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111o ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c m\u1ed1c n\u00e0y, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111o n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f9a m\u01b0a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f9a kh\u00f4. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111o ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9t xu\u1ea5t, b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nguy c\u01a1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed1c b\u1ecb d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0: m\u1ed1c b\u1ecb c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e8 l\u00ean, m\u1ed1c n\u1eb1m \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c thi c\u00f4ng m\u00f3ng, g\u1ea7n khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ecdc vv\u2026 Vi\u1ec7c \u0111o ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra s\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c \u0111o ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1c kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u00e1y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh theo \u0111\u00fang y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a qui ph\u1ea1m chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ebfu sai l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 2 l\u1ea7n sai s\u1ed1 trung ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m (ho\u1eb7c cao \u0111\u1ed9) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u00ecnh sai ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

2.\u00a0 \u0110o \u0111\u1ea1c ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi nhau trong m\u1ed9t d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ec7ch n\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 dung sai cho ph\u00e9p c\u0169ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee5c tr\u1eb7c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong kh\u00e2u l\u1eafp m\u00e1y, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0m cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ec v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

V\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

– V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho b\u1eb1ng to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a 4 g\u00f3c.<\/p>\n

– V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh tuy\u1ebfn (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn n\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c ng\u1ea7m) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho b\u1eb1ng to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh g\u00f3c ngo\u1eb7t, c\u00e1c ch\u1ed7 giao c\u1eaft nhau, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong tr\u00f2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3).<\/p>\n

– V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n (\u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i, sil\u00f4 ch\u1ee9a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u r\u1eddi) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho b\u1edfi to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c vv\u2026<\/p>\n

V\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e1y to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e9p \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3n nghi\u1ec7m. H\u1ea1n sai cho ph\u00e9p khi ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, quy ph\u1ea1m chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00e1y T\u0110\u0110T ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e9p ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00e1y t\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m tra. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n ki\u1ec3m tra to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1edbi sai s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 \u00b110 mm th\u00ec\u00a0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00e1y c\u00e1ch xa \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m tra qu\u00e1 100m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1eafp r\u00e1p tr\u00ean cao tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng l\u1eafp r\u00e1p \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p chuy\u1ec1n to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong ph\u1ea7n sau.<\/p>\n

3. Ki\u1ec3m tra k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

– Chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i, chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 (nh\u00e0 x\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u1ed9t, t\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u1ea7m)\u2026<\/p>\n

– Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c<\/p>\n

– B\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n (sil\u00f4, \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc vv\u2026).<\/p>\n

Chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i, chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c, b\u1ec1 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e9p chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m n\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ph\u00e9p. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e9p c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tr\u00ean do b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c g\u1edd, v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb hay b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111o g\u1ed3 gh\u1ec1, kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng, b\u00f9n \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ea9n vv\u2026 th\u00ec n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. Khi d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111o gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp (RDM-Remote Distance Measurement hay MLM-Missing Line Measurement). C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea1nh c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra.<\/p>\n

Dung sai cho ph\u00e9p khi ki\u1ec3m tra k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho tro h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c qui ph\u1ea1m, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0 Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 C\u1ed9t ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c, t\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eafn<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 C\u00e1c to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cao t\u1ea7ng<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 C\u00e1c sil\u00f4 ch\u1ee9a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u r\u1eddi<\/p>\n

– \u1ed0ng kh\u00f3i\u2026<\/p>\n

– \u0102ng ten v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng, th\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh vv\u2026.<\/p>\n

Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111o ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c trong c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, quy ph\u1ea1m chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

4.1\u00a0 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m tra<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng d\u00e2y d\u1ecdi<\/em><\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 cao kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn l\u1eafm (25m) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao l\u1edbn ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecdi c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n (tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecdi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1edbi 10 kg ho\u1eb7c n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n). \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng do dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecdi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea3 qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecdi v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u00f9ng d\u1ea7u \u1edf ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u00e2y d\u1ecdi, \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00f4ng qua ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb d\u00e2y d\u1ecdi t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111o tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n H 5.1a<\/p>\n

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b<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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H.5.1 Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

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b. Ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/em><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n g\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y n\u00e0y vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t, c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cao t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sil\u00f4, \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t vu\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cao t\u1ea7ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00e1y v\u00e0 \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ngang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng kh\u00e1c nhau (H 5.1b) ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang th\u00f4ng qua ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ngang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng so v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111o \u1edf t\u1ea7ng 1.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nguy\u00ean l\u00fd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sil\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00e1y to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 sil\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng n\u1eb1m ngang c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u nhau 2m, 5m ho\u1eb7c 10m (H.5.2a). N\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c giao tuy\u1ebfn n\u00e0y xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ngang b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ee9c tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu sil\u00f4 th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n s\u1ebd tr\u00f9ng kh\u00edt l\u00ean nhau, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu sil\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eb3ng th\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f9ng kh\u00edt nhau t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang s\u1ebd l\u1ec7ch nhau. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh c\u00f4n th\u00ec h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a giao tuy\u1ebfn l\u00ean m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 l\u1ec7ch t\u00e2m n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 b\u1ecb nghi\u00eang. Theo \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao kh\u00e1c nhau so v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch c\u1ee7a sil\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh c\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

H.5.2b minh ho\u1ea1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh c\u00f4n (sil\u00f4, \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i). Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qua c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc sau:<\/p>\n

– Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 (to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh) b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec1n kh\u00e9p k\u00edn xung quanh sil\u00f4 v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

– L\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00e1y t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec1n, chia sil\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u1edbt c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u nhau (2, 5 ho\u1eb7c 10m tu\u1ef3 theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c) v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean th\u1edbt.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i th\u1edbt, s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111o t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u00e0 3 \u0111i\u1ec3m. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 3 \u0111i\u1ec3m ta s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n trong h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc vi ph\u00e2n ho\u1ea1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb v\u00ec t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n ngo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t tam gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 giao \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ba \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trung tuy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a 3 c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a tam gi\u00e1c. T\u1eeb to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u00e0 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong 3 \u0111\u1ec9nh tam gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n.<\/p>\n

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H.5.2 S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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N\u1ebfu s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111o tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i th\u1edbt l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 3 th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ed1 b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111o tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i th\u1edbt l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 3 th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ed1 b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

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Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed n \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111o tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1edbt t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111a gi\u00e1c n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e2m l\u00e0 Xc, Yc v\u00e0 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh R. V\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111o s\u1ebd tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh sau<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Do c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111o c\u00f3 sai s\u1ed1 \u0111o v\u00e0 sai s\u1ed1 trong thi c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng sil\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i\u00a0 n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n\u00a0 ngo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o ch\u1ee9a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111o m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n g\u1ea7n ngo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp c\u00f3 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh R tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n [vv] = min trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n

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Ri<\/sub><\/em> = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(7)<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c 1, 2 v\u00e0 3<\/p>\n

R: Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n k\u00ednh v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n ngo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp<\/p>\n

Ri<\/sub>: Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n g\u1ea7n ngo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp<\/p>\n

Xi<\/sub>, Yi<\/sub>: To\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111o (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c )<\/p>\n

xi<\/sub>, yi<\/sub>: Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/p>\n

Thay (3) v\u00e0 (1) v\u00e0o (2) ta c\u00f3:<\/p>\n

Vi<\/sub> = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(8)<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n l\u00e0 Xo<\/sup>c<\/sub> v\u00e0 Yo<\/sup>c<\/sub> v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u<\/p>\n

ch\u1ec9nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 dx v\u00e0 dy ta c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 sau:<\/p>\n

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Xc<\/sub> = Xo<\/sup>c<\/sub> + dx<\/p>\n

Yc<\/sub> = Yo<\/sup>c<\/sub> + dy<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Thay (5) v\u00e0o (4) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 d\u1ea1ng tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch khai tri\u1ec3n chu\u1ed7i Taylor gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t ta c\u00f3:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 H.5.3\u00a0 Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 tr\u00f2n<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Vi<\/sub> = – R + cosai<\/sub>dx + sinai<\/sub>dy + \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(10)<\/p>\n

K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1ng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 d\u1ea1ng tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch khai tri\u1ec3n chu\u1ed7i Taylor gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t ta c\u00f3:<\/p>\n

R\u2019 = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(11)<\/p>\n

ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng:<\/p>\n

V = AX + L\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (12)<\/p>\n

trong \u0111\u00f3<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

A = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(13)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

X = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(14)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

v\u00e0 L = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(15)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y A g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ma tr\u1eadn h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc n x 3 (n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 3 c\u1ed9t)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

(11)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

X \u2013 V\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u1ea9n s\u1ed1 (c\u00f3 3 ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed)<\/p>\n

L \u2013 V\u00e9c t\u01a1 s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1ng t\u1ef1 do (c\u00f3 n ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed)<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh (8) g\u1ed3m n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi 3 \u1ea9n s\u1ed1 v\u00ec v\u1eady s\u1ebd c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nghi\u1ec7m. Theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd s\u1ed1 b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t, nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7m tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n [vv] = min. \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y th\u00ec t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7n l\u1eadp h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

AT<\/sup>. A.X + AT<\/sup> L = 0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (12)<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3i h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ta x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 3 \u1ea9n s\u1ed1 R, dx v\u00e0 dy.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

(13)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

To\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u1edbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

Xc<\/sub> = Xo<\/sup>c<\/sub> + dx<\/p>\n

Yc<\/sub> = Yo<\/sup>c<\/sub> + dy<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1edbt \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 sil\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nghi\u00eang. N\u1ebfu to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1edbt kh\u00e1c nhau ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan tr\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nghi\u00eang.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed9 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a vect\u01a1 nghi\u00eang c\u1ee7a th\u1edbt th\u1ee9 i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c:<\/p>\n

ei<\/sub> = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(14)<\/p>\n

trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n

Xi<\/sup>c<\/sub>, Yi<\/sup>c<\/sub> to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u1edbt th\u1ee9 i<\/p>\n

X1<\/sup>c<\/sub>, Y1<\/sup>c<\/sub> to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u1edbt th\u1ee9 1<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a vect\u01a1 e \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

artang<\/em>j<\/em>i<\/sub><\/em> = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(15)<\/p>\n

G\u00f3c nghi\u00eang c\u1ee7a th\u1edbt th\u1ee9 i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/p>\n

ei<\/sub> = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(16)<\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00f3 hi<\/sub> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a th\u1edbt th\u1ee9 i.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu xung quanh h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ee7 r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thao t\u00e1c,\u00a0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00e1y c\u00e1ch xa h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng b\u1eb1ng chi\u1ec1u cao (ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng 1.5 l\u1ea7n chi\u1ec1u cao) th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ea5p gi\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang.<\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh 5.4 l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

I<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

II<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

O<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

H.5.4 \u0110o \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

SI<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

SII<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

Ch\u1ecdn hai \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00e1y I v\u00e0 II sao cho g\u00f3c IOII x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 l\u00e0 g\u00f3c vu\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7t m\u00e1y t\u1ea1i I, \u0111o s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb I t\u1edbi ch\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e9p. Chia \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u1edbt c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u nhau v\u00e0 t\u00ednh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u00f3c nghi\u00eang t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1edbt \u0111\u00e3 chia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7t m\u00e1y t\u1ea1i I, c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u00ean b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho c\u00e1c th\u1edbt, ng\u1eafm c\u1ea1nh ph\u00eda tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 ph\u00eda ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 bT<\/sup>i<\/sub> v\u00e0 bP<\/sup>i<\/sub>. Tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh bi<\/sub> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9ca;<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (17)<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00e1y t\u1ea1i\u0111i\u1ec3m II ng\u1eafm c\u00e1c c\u1ea1nh ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c tr\u1ecb \u0111o gT<\/sup>i<\/sub> v\u00e0 gP<\/sup>i<\/sub>, tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (18)<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u1edbt th\u1ee9 i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng II-O \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

ei<\/sup>I<\/sub> = (gi<\/sub> –\u00a0 go<\/sub>) (S\u00adII<\/sub> + R)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (19)<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c:<\/p>\n

ei<\/sub> = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(20)<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a vec t\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c:<\/p>\n

a = Arctg<\/em> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (21)<\/p>\n

5. Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c .<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00ed d\u1ee5 l\u00f2 nung clinker trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y xi m\u0103ng l\u00f2 quay, c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1ea3y\u2026Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ch\u00eanh cao gi\u1eefa 2 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c i (t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng %) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c:<\/p>\n

i = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(22)<\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00f3: h l\u00e0 ch\u00eanh cao gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m tra<\/p>\n

D kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch n\u1ed1i 2 \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m tra<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb D v\u00e0 h \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu sai l\u1ec7ch kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 dung sai cho ph\u00e9p th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c \u0111o ch\u00eanh cao gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y th\u1ee7y b\u00ecnh. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00ean \u0111o b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed.<\/p>\n

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6. Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 song song c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/p>\n

6.1. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra:<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

– C\u00e1c d\u00e3y bu l\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n th\u00e9p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

– \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ray c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7u tr\u1ee5c trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

6.2. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m tra<\/em><\/p>\n

a. Ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e9p th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 song song c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa hai c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n song song v\u1edbi nhau. N\u1ebfu kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng nhau ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 2 c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n song song v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n 2 c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 v\u00e0 \u0111i l\u1ea1i thao t\u00e1c \u0111o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

b. Ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed.<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u00e1y to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 song song c\u1ee7a hai c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9, ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1eb5n m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh chuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Reference Line. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

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n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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A<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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B<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Si<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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di<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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i<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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1<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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2<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u2026<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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H.5.5 Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 song song c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1eb7t m\u00e1y to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Refrence Line v\u00e0 ng\u1eafm l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean 2 \u0111i\u1ec3m A v\u00e0 B (A v\u00e0 B ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng quy chi\u1ebfu) ti\u1ebfp theo l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u1eafm m\u00e1y t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m tra 1, 2,..i,n m\u00e1y to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o tr\u00ean m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh 2 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Si v\u00e0 di trong \u0111\u00f3 Si l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m A t\u1edbi ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c h\u1ea1 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m i xu\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng quy chi\u1ebfu, di l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m i t\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng quy chi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

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VI. \u0110O V\u1ebc\u00a0 HO\u00c0N C\u00d4NG,\u00a0 V\u00c0 THI\u1ebeT L\u1eacP B\u1ea2N V\u1ebc HO\u00c0N C\u00d4NG<\/strong><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0 C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

1.1\u00a0 \u0110o v\u1ebd ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng<\/em><\/p>\n

L\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng cho thi c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110o ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i sau<\/p>\n

– \u0110o v\u1ebd ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c b\u1ec7 m\u00e1y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t xong<\/p>\n

– \u0110o v\u1ebd ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng san n\u1ec1n, n\u1ea1o v\u00e9t, ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea7n m\u00f3ng<\/p>\n

– \u0110o v\u1ebd ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng t\u1eebng h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c t\u1eebng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/p>\n

1.2\u00a0 Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng<\/em><\/p>\n

L\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111o v\u1ebd ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng \u1edf m\u1ee5c 1.1 \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 cao thi c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sai l\u1ec7ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang so v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/p>\n

Tu\u1ef3 theo quy m\u00f4 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, tu\u1ef3 theo t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia ra c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng sau:<\/p>\n

– B\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng t\u1eebng h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

– B\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00e1y thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

– B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111o v\u1ebd ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngay sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c (m\u00f3ng, t\u1ea7ng ng\u1ea7m, t\u1eebng t\u1ea7ng nh\u00e0, t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng r\u00ecnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng).<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111o v\u1ebd ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 quan tr\u1eafc theo d\u00f5i l\u00fan gi\u00fap cho nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft hay sai s\u00f3t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y l\u1eafp r\u00fat kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft x\u00e2y l\u1eafp tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf do do thi c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang g\u00e2y n\u00ean.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m thu \u0111\u01b0a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

2. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111o ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110o v\u1ebd m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sau: to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c, to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c, giao h\u1ed9i g\u00f3c ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c. Ng\u00e0y nay v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00e1y to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u0111o v\u00e8 ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c l\u00e0 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n h\u01a1n c\u1ea3<\/p>\n

3. N\u1ed9i dung \u0111o v\u1ebd ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd.<\/strong><\/p>\n

3.1\u00a0 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t g\u1ed3m:<\/em><\/p>\n

– V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngo\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n

– T\u00e2m c\u00e1c gi\u1ebfng<\/p>\n

– \u0110i\u1ec3m giao nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng ng\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n

– \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

– Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ch\u00eanh cao gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c gi\u1ebfng<\/p>\n

– N\u01a1i d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

– \u0110\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1y, n\u1eafp h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng, m\u00e1ng r\u00e3nh, n\u1eafp gi\u1ebfng, \u0111\u1ec9nh \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

3.2\u00a0 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng g\u1ed3m:<\/em><\/p>\n

– V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t<\/p>\n

– Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t<\/p>\n

– \u0110\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ea7m x\u00e0 ngang<\/p>\n

– Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch d\u00e2y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u1edf g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3<\/p>\n

– \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00f5ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2y<\/p>\n

3.3 \u0110o v\u1ebd ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng san n\u1ec1n g\u1ed3m:<\/em><\/p>\n

– C\u00e1c m\u1ed1c to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 cao d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n san n\u1ec1n<\/p>\n

– \u0110o v\u1ebd m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t san n\u1ec1n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 1:200; 1:500; 1:1000 tu\u1ef3 theo di\u1ec7n t\u00edch (k\u00e8m theo b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng).<\/p>\n

3.4\u00a0 \u0110o v\u1ebd ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng n\u1ea1o v\u00e9t g\u1ed3m:<\/em><\/p>\n

– C\u00e1c m\u1ed1c to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 cao (h\u1ec7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9 cao n\u00e0o) d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n n\u1ea1o v\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

– \u0110o v\u1ebd m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e1y \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea1o v\u00e9t theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 1\/500<\/p>\n

3.5\u00a0 \u0110o v\u1ebd m\u00f3ng g\u1ed3m:<\/em><\/p>\n

– X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t, c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i, c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 c\u1eeda, c\u00e1c gi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

– Cao \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t m\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n

– Ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111o n\u1ed1i\u00a0 c\u00e1c g\u00f3c m\u00f3ng nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 chung, \u0111o v\u1ebd k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc chu vi t\u1ea7ng ng\u1ea7m, \u0111o v\u1ebd c\u00e1c ch\u1ed7 nh\u00f4 ra th\u1ee5t v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

3.6\u00a0 \u0110o v\u1ebd c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng tr\u00f2n<\/em><\/p>\n

– X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e1y.<\/p>\n

– X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1y<\/p>\n

– X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u00e1n k\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1y, \u0111\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng<\/p>\n

7. \u0110o v\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng<\/em><\/p>\n

– \u0110o v\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh g\u00f3c ngo\u1eb7t<\/p>\n

– \u0110o v\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong<\/p>\n

– \u0110o v\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m giao nhau<\/p>\n

– \u0110o v\u1ebd v\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn<\/p>\n

– \u0110o v\u1ebd t\u00e2m ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft<\/p>\n

– \u0110o v\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed9 cao m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1edbi \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9 cao 10m<\/p>\n

– \u0110o v\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u1ec9a h\u00e8 ch\u1ed7 giao nhau, ch\u1ed7 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

– \u0110o v\u1ebd ch\u1ed7 nh\u00f4 ra, l\u00f5m v\u00e0o tr\u00ean v\u1ec9a h\u00e8.<\/p>\n

– \u0110o v\u1ebd l\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00e1y r\u00e3nh, k\u00eanh tho\u00e1t<\/p>\n

– \u0110o v\u1ebd gi\u1ebfng v\u00e0 c\u1eeda tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a<\/p>\n

– \u0110o v\u1ebd c\u1ea7u c\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eeba ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

VII. QUAN TR\u1eaeC L\u00daN V\u00c0 CHUY\u1ec2N D\u1ecaCH NGANG C\u00d4NG TR\u00ccNH<\/strong><\/p>\n

< >Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghuy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/strong>Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh <\/em>Chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng (s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed3i ho\u1eb7c l\u00fan c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh )Chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb1m ngangC\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh <\/em>Do c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00eanDo c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1oS\u1ef1 co d\u00e3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnhS\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m vv\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecb\u00ean t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t thu\u1ef7 v\u0103n, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a trong l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh C\u00e1c sai s\u00f3t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnhS\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 do qui ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ea5p tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc, do thi c\u00f4ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ng\u1ea7mS\u1ef1 rung \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng do ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb trong th\u1eddi gian thi c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n khai th\u00e1c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnhS\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u00ean n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t thu\u1ef7 v\u0103n do vi\u1ec7c thi c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00e2n c\u1eadn.C\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh <\/strong>C\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng (\u0111\u1ed9 l\u00fan)<\/em>\u0110\u1ed9 l\u00fan tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1eafc\u0110\u1ed9 l\u00fan t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa hai th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m t1<\/sub> v\u00e0 t2<\/sub> l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3i tr\u00ean\u0110\u1ed9 l\u00fan trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00fan tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng. \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00fan trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang sau b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00fan c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1c chia cho s\u1ed1 m\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan tr\u1eafc\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (23)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 si<\/sub>– \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00fan c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1c th\u1ee9 i (i=1, 2,\u2026 n)<\/p>\n

n \u2013 S\u1ed1 m\u1ed1c quan tr\u1eafc<\/p>\n

< >T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00fan c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00fan v\u00e0 th\u1eddi kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian quan tr\u1eafc (t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng t\u00e1ng ho\u1eb7c n\u0103m)\u0110\u1ed9 l\u00fan l\u1ec7ch gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00fan c\u1ee7a hai \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111ang x\u00e9t t\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3mC\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch ngang<\/em>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1eafc<\/strong>Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi c\u00f4ng<\/em>Giai \u0111o\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ea7u khi \u0111\u01b0a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0o khai t\u00e1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/em>Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111i v\u00e0o \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/em><\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1<\/p>\n

Lo\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/p>\n

Sai s\u1ed1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/p>\n

1<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1 g\u1ed1c<\/p>\n

1 mm<\/p>\n

2<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1t s\u00e9t, \u0111\u00e1t c\u00e1t<\/p>\n

3 mm<\/p>\n

3<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1 ch\u1ee5i \u00e1p l\u1ef1c cao<\/p>\n

5 mm<\/p>\n

4<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1t \u0111\u1eafp, \u0111\u00e1t s\u00ecnh l\u1ea7y<\/p>\n

10 mm<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

C\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1eafc<\/p>\n

a. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh <\/em><\/p>\n

Chu k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngay sau khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng xong ph\u1ea7n m\u00f3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ngang t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ef3 theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ngang l\u00ean c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/p>\n

b. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/em><\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hai chu k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1eafc trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t<\/p>\n

Khi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch < 2mm\/n\u0103m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1eebng quan tr\u1eafc<\/p>\n

< >Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p quan tr\u1eafc<\/strong>Quan tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00fan<\/em>Quan tr\u00e1c d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n ngang<\/em>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u01b0\u1edbng chu\u1ea9nPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9Qui tr\u00ecnh quan tr\u1eafc chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng<\/strong>L\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/em>B\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ed1c chu\u1ea9n <\/em>B\u1ed1 tr\u00ed c\u00e1c m\u1ed1c quan tr\u1eafc <\/em>T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn<\/em>X\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i v\u00e0 giao n\u1ed9p h\u1ed3 s\u01a1<\/em>VIII M\u1ed8T S\u1ed0 M\u00c1Y M\u00d3C TR\u1eaeC \u0110\u1ecaACHUY\u00caN D\u00d9NG TRONG X\u00c2Y D\u1ef0NG<\/strong><\/p>\n

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1\u00a0 C\u00e1c m\u00e1y \u0111o g\u00f3c<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c m\u00e1y \u0111o g\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1 m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 (Theo dolite) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o g\u00f3c ngang v\u00e0 g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ee9ng trong l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 NCT n\u00f3i ri\u00eang \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

1.1 Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129<\/strong><\/p>\n

1.1.1 Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 theo c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1ed1 theo \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 th\u00e0nh 3 lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

a. M\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc: C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea1ch kh\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh l\u00fap. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y c\u0169 hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00ec qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu.<\/p>\n

b. M\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 quang h\u1ecdc: B\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng thu\u1ef7 tinh, c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1ed1 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp g\u1eafn trong m\u00e1y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1ed1 n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 ra c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111o.<\/p>\n

c. M\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 s\u1ed1 (Digital Theodolite). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y n\u00e0y l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ra m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh tinh th\u1ec3 l\u1ecfng n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. N go\u00e0i ra, m\u00e1y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u00e1c. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn thao t\u00e1c \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

1.1.2\u00a0 Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 theo \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o g\u00f3c<\/p>\n

Theo \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o g\u00f3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 th\u00e0nh 3 lo\u1ea1i sau:<\/p>\n

a. Lo\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ed9 – Ph\u00fat – gi\u00e2y<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n (b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9 ngang ho\u1eb7c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ee9ng) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 3600<\/sup>. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed9 chia th\u00e0nh 60′ v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ph\u00fat chia th\u00e0nh 60”.<\/p>\n

b. Lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb grad (gon)<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00e1y lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n (b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9 ngang) theo m\u1ed7i grad chia th\u00e0nh 10 \u0111\u1ec1 xi grad, 1 \u0111\u1ec1 xi grad \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 10 x\u0103ng ti grad vv\u2026.H\u1ec7 grad r\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n d\u1ee5ng trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh nh\u01b0ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, do th\u00f3i quen n\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u00e1y h\u1ec7 grad kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n

c. Lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb li gi\u00e1c (mil)<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n trong m\u00e1y n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 6400 li gi\u00e1c. Loai m\u00e1y n\u00e0y hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u1edf M\u1ef9,\u00a0 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm.<\/p>\n

1.1.3\u00a0 Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 theo \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 l\u00e0 tham s\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y. \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 sai s\u1ed1 trung ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111o g\u00f3c (g\u00f3c ngang hay g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ee9ng) khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng \u0111o ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. Theo \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n c\u00e1c m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 th\u00e0nh 3 lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

a. M\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao l\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111o g\u00f3c nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 2″<\/p>\n

b. M\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c: L\u00e0 m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111o g\u00f3c t\u1eeb 3-5″<\/p>\n

c.\u00a0 M\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trung b\u00ecnh: Sai s\u1ed1 trung ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111o g\u00f3c > 5″<\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh 8.1\u00a0 .l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

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H.8.1 M\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u00e3ng NIKON, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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2. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i<\/strong><\/p>\n

2.1 Th\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e9p<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e9p l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i kh\u00e1 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i, r\u1ebb ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t trong thi c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 cao t\u1ea7ng. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0111o chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 cao t\u1ea7ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111o c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eafn (kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a NCT n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 5\u00b820m), v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u00e0n b\u00ea t\u00f4ng kh\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e9p.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 b\u00e1n nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 t\u1eeb 250.000VN\u0110 \u0111\u1ebfn 1.500.000\u0111 tu\u1ef3 theo ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee3i thu\u1ef7 tinh – carbon c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

Khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e9p c\u1ea7n k\u00e9o th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c c\u0103ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 ki\u1ec3m tra th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c sai s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb sai s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111o.<\/p>\n

2.2\u00a0 C\u00e1c m\u00e1y \u0111o xa \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng<\/em><\/p>\n

Ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 60 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u00e1y \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c m\u00e1y n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed3ng k\u1ec1nh n\u00ean \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong thi c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 90 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u00e1y \u0111o xa c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eafp g\u1ecdn tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111o g\u00f3c n\u00ean ch\u00fang d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/p>\n

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H.8.2 C\u00e1c m\u00e1y \u0111o xa \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf l\u1eafp tr\u00ean m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed s\u1ed1<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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trong thi c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh. H.8.2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00e1y \u0111o xa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp tr\u00ean m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c m\u00e1y \u0111o xa ri\u00eang m\u00e0 l\u1eafp chung m\u00e1y \u0111o xa v\u00e0o trong m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y \u0111a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00e1y To\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd n\u00f3i t\u1edbi \u1edf ph\u1ea7n sau<\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng LASER cho ph\u00e9p \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra nghi\u1ec7m thu c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

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3. C\u00e1c m\u00e1y to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00e1y to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a 3 modul ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: M\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed s\u00f4 DT (Digital Theodolite), m\u00e1y \u0111o xa \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed\u00a0 EDM (Electronic Distance Meter) v\u00e0 CPU nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh 8.3<\/p>\n

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EDM<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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DT<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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CPU<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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H.8.3 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u1ed1i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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C\u00e1c m\u00e1y to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c \u0111o c\u1ea1nh \u0111o g\u00f3c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e1y c\u00f2n cho ph\u00e9p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u01b0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng gian 3 chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m, b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ra th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1eeda k\u00edn v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u00ean \u00edch kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ea1c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u00e1y to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng LASER kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n g\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c m\u00e1y n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7 bi\u1ec7t ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i trong v\u1ecb\u00eac x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh cao. H\u00ecnh 8.4 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00e1y to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7n nay<\/p>\n

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H.8.4 M\u00e1y to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed NIKON DTM-750 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 LEICA TCR-303 c\u1ee7a Thu\u1ef5 S\u1ef9<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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4. C\u00e1c m\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 cao<\/strong><\/p>\n

4.1. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 cao<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 cao ch\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: \u0110o cao h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111o cao l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

4.1.1 \u0110o cao h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111o cao h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00eanh cao gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t tia ng\u1eafm n\u1eb1m ngang nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh:<\/p>\n

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b<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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A<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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B<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Dh<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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H.II.3 Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111o cao h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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a<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed c\u00f3 hai \u0111i\u1ec3m A v\u00e0 B trong \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec3m A l\u00e0 HA<\/sub> c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u0111i\u1ec3m B (HB<\/sub>).<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m A v\u00e0 B ta d\u1ef1ng hai m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u1eb1m ngang (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc) g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t thu\u1ef7 chu\u1ea9n \u0111i qua c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa hai m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00eanh cao c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec3m B so v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m A.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa A v\u00e0 B ch\u00fang ta d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t thu\u1ef7 chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m A v\u00e0 B \u0111\u1eb7t 2 mia vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t n\u1eb1m ngang. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed m\u1eb7t thu\u1ef7 chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 3 c\u1eaft mia t\u1ea1i A \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed a v\u00e0 mia \u1edf v\u1ecb\u00a0 tr\u00ed B t\u1ea1i b (a v\u00e0 b ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u00ean c\u00e1c mia t\u1ea1i A v\u00e0 B).<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c sau:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

(24)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

a = b + Dh<\/p>\n

hay \u00a0\u00a0 Dh = a – b<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u00eanh cao c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec3m B so v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m A ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i mia A v\u00e0 mia B.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ngang \u0111i qua A v\u00e0 B (m\u1eb7t thu\u1ef7 chu\u1ea9n qua A v\u00e0 B) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 2 m\u1eb7t t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1ng n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00eanh cao gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec3m A v\u00e0 B ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng \u0111i qua \u0111i\u1ec3m trung gian gi\u1eefa A v\u00e0 B. M\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y thu\u1ef7 b\u00ecnh m\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng thu\u1ef7 n\u1eb1m ngang v\u00e0 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111o thu\u1ef7 chu\u1ea9n (\u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 cao)\u00a0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a tia ng\u1eafm v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u1eb1m ngang.<\/p>\n

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H.8.5 Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111o cao l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1c<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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A<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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S<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Dh<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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B<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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l<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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i<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Z<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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4.1.2 \u0110o cao l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1c<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110o cao l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00eanh cao gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111o g\u00f3c nghi\u00eang (g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ee9ng) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1c quen thu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

H.II.4\u00a0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111o cao l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m A v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i B ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau ng\u1eafm c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u cao l\u00e0 l. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed g\u00f3c h\u1ee3p b\u1edfi gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 tia ng\u1eafm t\u1eeb m\u00e1y t\u1edbi ti\u00eau ng\u1eafm l\u00e0 Z (g\u00f3c thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh).<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb h\u00ecnh II.4 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ee9c<\/p>\n

Dh +l = ScosZ + i \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0(24)<\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00f3 i l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u cao \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00e1y<\/p>\n

hay Dh = S.cosZ + i – l\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (25)<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00eanh cao theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111o cao l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1c, ngo\u00e0i g\u00f3c thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh Z c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111o c\u1ea3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eang gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec3m A v\u00e0 B \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00e1y to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u00e1y n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p \u0111o g\u00f3c Z v\u00e0 \u0111o c\u1ea3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thu\u1ef7 chu\u1ea9n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c r\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1m \u0111o n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00eanh cao h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf (v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ch\u00eanh cao t\u1ed1i \u0111a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a mia) th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00eanh cao \u1edf m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1m kho\u1ea3ng 2-2.5m. V\u00ec v\u1eady s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 cao t\u1ea7ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thu\u1ef7 chu\u1ea9n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1c nh\u00ecn b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9 cao l\u00ean nh\u00e0 cao t\u1ea7ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cao l\u1eafm.<\/p>\n

\u00a04.2 C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 cao th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7n nay<\/em><\/p>\n

4.2.1\u00a0 M\u00e1y thu\u1ef7 chu\u1ea9n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c m\u00e1y thu\u1ef7 chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00e1y m\u00e0 khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u00e1y ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh tia ng\u1eafm v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u1eb1m ngang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch v\u1eb7n \u1ed1c ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng.<\/p>\n

– \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y n\u00e0y l\u00e0 cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao.<\/p>\n

– Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian thao t\u00e1c l\u00e2u, \u0111\u00f4i khi x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p qu\u00ean (\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u00f2n \u00edt kinh nghi\u1ec7m).<\/p>\n

4.2.2\u00a0 M\u00e1y thu\u1ef7 b\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y thu\u1ef7 b\u00ecnh m\u00e0 tia ng\u1eafm c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u1eb1m ngang nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t con l\u1eafc (c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c con l\u1eafc t\u1eeb t\u00ednh).<\/p>\n

– \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian thao t\u00e1c nhanh.<\/p>\n

– Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m: C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u con l\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng v\u00ec v\u1eady khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

4.2.3\u00a0 M\u00e1y \u0111o thu\u1ef7 chu\u1ea9n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1c<\/em><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y ri\u00eang, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u00e1y kinh v\u0129 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, kinh v\u0129 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ho\u1eb7c to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111o cao l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

– \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m: R\u1ea5t linh ho\u1ea1t, nhanh ch\u00f3ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p \u0111o c\u00e1c ch\u00eanh cao l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

– Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m: \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng cao l\u1eafm, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1ng IV ho\u1eb7c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

HII.4\u00a0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00e1y thu\u1ef7 chu\u1ea9n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng NA-724 c\u1ee7a Thu\u1ef5 S\u1ef9 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 cao t\u1ea7ng.<\/p>\n

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\n

H.8.6a\u00a0 M\u00e1y thu\u1ef7 chu\u1ea9n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng NA-724 v\u00e0 NAK-2, Thu\u1ef5 S\u1ef9<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

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4 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c kh\u00e1c d\u00f9ng trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng <\/strong><\/p>\n

4.I\u00a0 M\u00e1y chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng ZL<\/em><\/p>\n

M\u00e1y chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng ZL\u00a0 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y chuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra tia ng\u1eafm th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng (gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2y d\u1ecdi) \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfu t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean tr\u00ean. C\u00e1c m\u00e1y n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec1n to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb t\u1ea7ng l\u1eafp r\u00e1p c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng tr\u00ean. Hi\u1ec7n nay tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y nh\u01b0 PZL (\u0110\u1ee9c) ZL v\u00e0 NZL c\u1ee7a LEICA (Thu\u1ef5 S\u1ef9) trong \u0111\u00f3 NZL c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai chi\u1ec1u: chi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean tr\u00ean ho\u1eb7c chi\u1ebfu t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

H.8.6 l\u00e0 m\u00e1y chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng PZL c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c cho ph\u00e9p chi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00ean cao 100 m v\u1edbi sai sai s\u1ed1 1mm.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

H.8.6 M\u00e1y chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng PZL-100<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

4.2 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb GPS<\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb GPS (Global Positionming System) l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thu t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1ec7 tinh bay tr\u00ea c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Hi\u1ec7n nay \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng GPS c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. Ngo\u00e0i M\u1ef9 ra \u1edf Nga c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb ri\u00eang g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 GLONAS. T\u1eeb 2006 tr\u1edf \u0111i, Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u0169ng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o khai th\u00e1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u GALILEO b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1ec7 tinh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng NCT, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec1n to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng cao m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee5c l\u1ed7 nh\u01b0 trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00e1y chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

H 8.7 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb GR c\u1ee7a h\u00e3ng LEICA (Thu\u1ef5 S\u1ef9).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

I. NHI\u1ec6M V\u1ee4 C\u1ee6A C\u00d4NG T\u00c1C TR\u1eaeC \u0110\u1ecaA TRONG X\u00c2Y D\u1ef0NG Tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e2u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao \u0111\u1ec1u bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i li\u00ean…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1255,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1252","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tai-lieu-thi-cong-tai-lieu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1252","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1252"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1252\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1256,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1252\/revisions\/1256"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1255"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1252"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1252"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1252"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}