{"id":1143,"date":"2019-07-13T13:13:19","date_gmt":"2019-07-13T13:13:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thuvienxaydung.com.vn\/?p=1143"},"modified":"2019-07-13T13:14:17","modified_gmt":"2019-07-13T13:14:17","slug":"ky-thuat-thi-cong-dat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/?p=1143","title":{"rendered":"K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea5t"},"content":{"rendered":"

K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea5t
\nTr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea5t g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ch\u00ednh sau: c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thi c\u00f4ng c\u1ed1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb nh\u01b0: gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng, ti\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m, l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1m, d\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb d\u1ef1ng khu\u00f4n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh; \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o di\u1ec1u ki\u00ean thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u0103t b\u1eb1ng<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean khu \u0111\u1ea5t x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed5 cb\u1ee9c thi c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng bao g\u1ed3m: ch\u1eb7t c\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e0o g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y, b\u1ee5i c\u00e2y; ph\u00e1 tj\u1ee1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, di d\u1eddi m\u1ed3 m\u1ea3, v.v.<\/p>\n

Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (TCVN 4447:1987-2-A)<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea5t x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ebfn an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng trtnh v\u00e0 g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho thi c\u00f4ng th\u00ec d\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eb7t ho\u1eb7c d\u1eddi \u0111i n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. Ph\u1ea3i di chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, m\u1ed3 m\u1ea3, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda v.v. ra kh\u1ecfi khu v\u1ef1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed1ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0o h\u1ebft g\u1ed1c, r\u1ec5 c\u00e2y trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sau d\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. 2.Trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng n\u00f4ng (chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 0,5m) nh\u01b0 m\u00f3ng nh\u1ecf;<\/li>\n
  2. 3.Trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eafp n\u1ec1n chi\u1ec1u cao \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafp nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 0,5m;<\/li>\n
  3. 4.Trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u00e3i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea5t, b\u00e3i l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng c\u1ea9n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e2y trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sau:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. 5.Trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eafp n\u1ec1n v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u cao \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafp l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 0,5m th\u00ec g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 cao h\u01a1n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 20cm.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      N\u00ean d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y. Sau khi nh\u1ed5 l\u00ean ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n ngay g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y ra ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m tr\u1edd ng\u1ea1i thi c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

      C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y k\u00e9o, m\u00e1y \u1ee7i, m\u00e1y \u1ee7i c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0o g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y, m\u00e1y x\u00fac, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f9ng nh\u1ed5 g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 50cm tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

      \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh \u00ed \u1edbn h\u01a1n 50cm v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 r\u1ec5 ph\u1ea5t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed5 m\u00ecn \u0111\u00e9 \u0111\u00e0o g\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

      Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t, l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u00e3i l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u ph’\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f3c h\u00f3t v\u00e0 tr\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00ea sau n\u00e0y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o, ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi c\u00f4ng, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea7u m\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed3ng, ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u cho v\u01b0\u1eddn hoa, c\u00e2y xanh v.v.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Khi b\u00f3c h\u00f3t, d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef, b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ea9n n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1, r\u00e1c r\u01b0\u1edfi v\u00e0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p gia c\u00f4’ m\u00e1i d\u1ed1c, tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf b\u1ec3 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng x\u00f3i l\u1edf, b\u00e0o m\u00f2n.<\/p>\n

      Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

      Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho thi c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

      \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 hai t\u1ea7ng tr\u1edf l\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u pb\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u00e1 d\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 thu h\u1ed3i t\u1ed1i \u0111a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

      Nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f2n t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ra, d\u01b0a v\u00e9 n\u01a1i quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

      Ph\u00e1 d\u1ee1 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e1 d\u00f9ng b\u00faa c\u0103n n\u1ebfu kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00edt, d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o g\u1ea7u ngh\u1ecbch dung t\u00edch nh\u1ecf n\u1ebfu kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1 d\u1ee1 l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

      Khoan c\u1eaft k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u b\u00ea t\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y khoan, m\u00e1y c\u1eaft b\u00ea t\u00f4ng (MCH-12S c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt), b\u00faa ph\u00e1 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng (Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n).<\/p>\n

      Ch\u1eb7t c\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e0o g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y, b\u1ee5i c\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

      T\u00f9y c\u00e2y to hay nh\u1ecf, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec3u hay \u00edt m\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn bi\u00ean ph\u00e1p thi c\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an to\u00e0n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c. Ch\u1eb7t c\u00e2y, th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 dao, cu\u1ed1c, c\u01b0a tay; c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u00e1y c\u01b0a – c\u01b0a c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, m\u00e1y \u1ee7i – \u1ee7i \u0111\u1ed5 c\u00e2y. \u0110\u00e0o g\u1ed1c, r\u1ec5 c\u00e2y v\u00e0 d\u1ecdn m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u00e1y lii ho\u1eb7c m\u00ecn v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ecf r\u1ec5 c\u00e2y, ph\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

      Nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp c\u1ecf, l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u n\u00ean h\u1edbt b\u1ecf, ch\u1ee9a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7, sau khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng xong s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 l\u1edbp tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e3i c\u00e2y c\u1ecf quy ho\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n

      Nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 b\u00f9n \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i v\u00e9t b\u00f9n n\u1ebfu kh\u1ed1i \u1ec9\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y h\u00fat b\u00f9n, m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o, g\u1ea7u d\u1ea3y,…<\/p>\n

      Di chuy\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng c\u00f3ng tr\u00ecnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n, n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng ng\u1ea7m, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng n\u1ed5i, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y di\u1ec7n tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng hay c\u00e1p ng\u1ea7m ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 gi\u00e2y ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 hay c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec3n d\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

      Vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed5 m\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i theo \u0111\u00fang phong t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 quy d\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 v\u1ec7 sinh.<\/p>\n

      Ti\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec1 m\u0103t v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1eafm<\/span><\/p>\n

      L\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng kh\u00f4 r\u00e1o trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi c\u00f4ng m\u00f3ng, nh\u1edd d\u00f3 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c thi c\u00f4ng m\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u m\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n

      Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (TCVN 4447:1987-2-B)<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

      Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 ti\u1ebbu n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a, n\u01b0\u1edbc ao, h\u1ed3, c\u1ed1ng r\u00e3nh,…) ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0o m\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u01a1i r\u00e3nh, \u0111\u1eafp b\u1edd con tr\u1ea1ch,… t\u00f9y theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n d\u1ecba h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

      Ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng m\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u00e3nh ti\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m tho\u00e1t nhanh l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, b\u1edd m\u01b0\u01a1ng r^nh v\u00e0 b\u1edd con tr\u1ea1ch ph\u1ea3i cao h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u00e0 0,1 m tr\u1edf l\u00ean.<\/p>\n

      T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y \u1ee9ong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u00e3nh ti\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 g\u00e2y x\u00f3i l\u1edf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

      \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00f4c theo chi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u00e3nh ti\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 0,003 (tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t 0,002).<\/p>\n

      Khi \u0111\u00e0o h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u00f3c ng\u1ea7m th\u00ec trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed5 cb\u1ee9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf thi c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ra bi\u00ean ph\u00e1p ti\u00eau n\u01b0\u00f3c m\u1eb7t k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ti\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m trong ph\u1ea1m vi b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u1ebbn ngo\u00e0i h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng. Ph\u1ea3i b\u00f4’ tr\u00ed h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u00e3nh ti\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1ebfng thu n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed b\u01a1m di \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1m b\u01a1m ti\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc cho t\u1eebng giai do\u1ea1n thi c\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh. Trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o, nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ng\u1eadp h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng. Ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 v\u1eb9n to\u00e0n d\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t m\u1eb7t m\u00f3ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi gian thi c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

      Ti\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

      T\u00f9y th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng<\/p>\n

      c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t, th\u1ee7y v\u0103n m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u00e3nh ti\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o r\u00e3nh xung quanh c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00eau tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc nhanh v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ph\u00eda ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e0o r\u00e3nh ng\u0103n n\u01b0\u00f3c \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ea5t cao \u0111\u1ecdc theo c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5t. N\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng r\u00e3nh, ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh ph\u00f4. N\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf ngo\u00e0i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, n\u01b0\u1edbc trong r\u00e3nh ch\u1ea3y ra h\u00ea th\u1ed1ng ao, h\u1ed3, s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o h\u1ed1 thu n\u01b0\u1edbc (gi\u1ebfng t\u00edch n\u01b0\u1edbc), t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbq \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u01a1m ra ngo\u00e0i, H\u1ed1 thu n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e2u ham r\u00e3nh l-2m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m m\u00e1y b\u01a1m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ngay c\u1ea3 khi n\u01b0\u1edbc trong r\u00e3nh th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

      K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc r\u00e3nh tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ee5 th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o b\u1ec3 m\u1eb7t l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n th\u1ee7y \u1ec9\u1ef1c; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t theo h\u00ecnh n. 1.<\/span><\/p>\n

      H\u1ea1 m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

      Khi \u0111\u00e1y h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng n\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p h\u1ea1 m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n

      H\u1ea1 m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. H\u1ea1 m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m c\u00f3 ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh: ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f9ng r\u00e3nh l\u1ed9 thi\u00ean hay r\u00e3nh ng\u1ea9m, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0: b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed gi\u1ebfng s\u00e2u trong t\u1ea7ng ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u01a1m li\u00ean t\u1ea1c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean h\u00ecnh ph\u1ec5u tr\u0169ng ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ph\u1ec5u b\u00e3o h\u00f2a. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o c\u00e1ch h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng 2 – 5m. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng kim l\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1 m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m b\u1eb1ng r\u00e3nh l\u1ed9 thi\u00ean: ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u01a1i r\u00e3nh \u1edf ch\u00e2n h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng r\u00e3nh s\u00e2u h\u01a1n cao tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1y m\u00f3ng kho\u1ea3ng lm. D\u1ecdc theo r\u00e3nh ch\u1eebng lOm \u0111\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 t\u00edch n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00f2i b\u01a1m r\u1ed3i d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y b\u01a1mc\u00f3 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u00fat n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i. Ph\u1ee9\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng khi l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn l\u1eafm. N\u1ebfu l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn, b\u01a1m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0i\u0129i \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u00e1y m\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng tr\u00f4i theo n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u00e2y s\u1ee5t l\u1edf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3 t\u00edch n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea5t.  <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      \u0110\u1ec3 m\u00e1y b\u01a1m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1t, th\u00e0nh gi\u1ebfng kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee5t l\u1edf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f4i theo n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t \u1ed1ng s\u00e0nh ho\u1eb7c \u1ed1ng b\u00ea t\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 40 – 60cm, chi\u00e9u cao lm \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh h\u1ed1 b\u01a1m. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e0o h\u00f4’ m\u00f3ng \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1t h\u1ea1t v\u1eeba v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u00f4’ b\u01a1m ph\u1ea3i r\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp s\u1ecfi nh\u1ecf .<\/p>\n

      H\u1ed1 b\u01a1m \u0111\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u m\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u m\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n

      \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n qua r\u00e3nh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u00f2ai v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n qua l\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

      \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb, d\u1ef1ng khu\u00f4n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

      Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ecb c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u00e0n giao c\u1ecdc m\u1ed1c chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 cao gi\u1eefa b\u00ean giao th\u1ea7u v\u00e0 b\u00ean thi c\u00f4ng, c\u1ecdc m\u1ed1c chu\u1ea9n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng b\u00ea t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e0o b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

      T\u1eeb c\u1ecdc m\u1ed1c chu\u1ea9n, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb thi c\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng c\u1ecdc ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

      M\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00ean khu\u00f4n, \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh h\u1ed5 s\u01a1 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e1c c\u1ecdc m\u1ed1c chu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 ch\u1eeb k\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c \u1edf c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng- \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i ki\u1ec3m tra tim c\u1ecdc m\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi c\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

      \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafp c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7m n\u00e9n: \u0111\u00ea \u0111i\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1eadp, n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, v.v. khi \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb d\u1ef1ng khu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh th\u00eam chi\u1ec1u cao ph\u00f2ng l\u00fan c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

      Thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea5t<\/span><\/p>\n

      Thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea5t g\u1ed3m san m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

      San m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng<\/span><\/p>\n

      1.        Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (TCVN 4447:1987-3-\u1ea2)<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

      Ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh san m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (s\u00e1n b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1, m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 ga, s\u00e2n bay v.v!) khi \u0111\u1eaf c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf san n\u1ec1n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ng\u1ea7m trong ph\u1ea1m vi san n\u1ec1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Khi san m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 bi\u00ean ph\u00e1p ti\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y tr\u00e0n qua m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u0169ng \u0111\u1ecdng \u01b0ong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

      \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e0o, ph\u1ea3i san b\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ng\u1ea7m. Ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eafp th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eafp sau khi \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng xong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ng\u1ea7m trong ph\u1ea1m vi ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

      San m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

      T\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean s\u1eed \u0111\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y \u1ee7i, n\u1ebfu san m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n t\u00edch r\u1ed9ng n\u00ean t\u00ednh to\u00e1n s\u1eed \u0111\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p hai lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y c\u1ea1p v\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u1ee7i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Khi \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e1y \u1ee7i c\u00f3 nhi\u00eam v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e0o, \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t; m\u00e1y c\u1ea1p v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, san v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m s\u01a1 b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

      \u0110\u00e0o h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng<\/span><\/p>\n

      Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (TCVN 4447;1987-3\u2018B)<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

      Chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1y m\u00f3ng b\u0103ng v\u00e0 m\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ed9ng v\u00f3i l\u1edbp ch\u1ed1ng \u1ea9m, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e1n khu\u00f4n, neo ch\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u00eam 0,2m.<\/p>\n

      Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y m\u00f3ng th\u00ec kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i thi\u00e9u gi\u1eefa k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u m\u00f3ng v\u00e0 v\u00e1ch h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 0,7m.<\/p>\n

      N\u1ebfu h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng c\u00f3 m\u00e1i d\u1ed1c th\u00ec kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa ch\u00e2n m\u00e1i d\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u m\u00f3ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 0,3m.<\/p>\n

      \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ec1m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111\u00e0o h\u00e0o v\u00e0 h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng c\u00f3 v\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n gia c\u1ed1, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ng\u1ea7m b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

      Lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. 6.\u0110\u1ea5t c\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1eabn s\u00f2i s\u1ea1n<\/li>\n
      2. 7.\u0110\u1ea5t c\u00e1t pha<\/li>\n
      3. 8.\u0110\u1ea5t th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t<\/li>\n
      4. 9.\u0110\u1ea5t th\u1ecbt ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t ch\u1eafc<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Khi \u0111\u00e0o h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1\u00ed m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng x\u00e1m th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a rh\u00ed\u1ebbn nhi\u00ean (gi\u00f3 m\u01b0a. nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9,…), b\u1ec1 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed5 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. L\u1edbp b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f3c \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh (\u0111\u1ed5 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng, x\u00e2y,v.v.)-<\/p>\n

        Khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o m\u1ed9t g\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00f3ng, cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1edbp b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3ng 1.6. N\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y c\u1ea1p v\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ea7u, l\u1edbp b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n qu\u00e1 .Sem, m\u00e1y \u1ee7i tOcm.<\/p>\n

        \n\n\n\n
        B\u1ea3ng <\/i>1<\/i>.6<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n
        \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Loai thi\u1ebft bi<\/td>\nB\u1ec1 d\u00e0y l\u1edbp b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1y m\u00f3ng (cm) khi d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o c\u00f3 dung t\u00edch g\u1ea7u (m3<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        0,25 – 0,4<\/td>\n0,5 – 0,65<\/td>\n0,8 – 1,25<\/td>\n1,5-2,5<\/td>\n3-5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        G\u1ea7u ng\u1eeda<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n. 10<\/td>\n15<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        G\u1ea7u s\u1ea5p<\/td>\n\u2018 10<\/td>\n15<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n–<\/span><\/td>\n–<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        G\u1ea7u d\u00e2y<\/td>\n15<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n25<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Khi h\u00f4’ m\u00f3ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ec1m, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u qu\u00e1 cao tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1eabn \u0111\u00e1 t\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u00e1 m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e0o qu\u00e1 cao tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i hay c\u00e1t, s\u1ecfi,…<\/p>\n

        \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng c\u00f3 v\u00e1ch th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng, kh\u00f4ng gia c\u1ed1 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi th\u00ec th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n thi c\u00f4ng m\u00f3ng ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat ng\u1eafn t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n b\u00e1o nguy hi\u1ec3m trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e0o g\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi c\u00f4ng \u0111ang \u0111i l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

        Khi \u0111\u00e0o h\u00f4’ m\u00f3ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ngay b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c s\u00e2u h\u01a1n m\u1eb7t m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng (nh\u00e0 \u1edf, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh,…) ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh theo \u0111\u00fang quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf thi c\u00f4ng; ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng s\u1ee5t l\u1edf, l\u00fan v\u00e0 l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00e2n c\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi c\u00f4ng cho t\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

        Gi\u00e1c m\u00f3ng<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

        L\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng m\u00f3ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

        Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi gi\u00e1c m\u00f3ng c\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u m\u00f3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ho\u00e0n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm .\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh; c\u1ecdc m\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u1ecdc tim. Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5’c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.ghi \u1edf b\u1ea3ng 1.7.<\/p>\n

        \n\n\n\n
        B\u1ea3ng <\/i>1<\/i>. 7<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n
        \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        T\u00ean d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc (mm)<\/td>\nC\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        (\u1ec9)<\/span><\/td>\n(2)<\/span><\/td>\n(3)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea7m: b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7, b\u00e0o nh\u1eb5n, s\u1eafc c\u1ea1nh.<\/span><\/td>\n1 2000 . \u1eca<\/span><\/td>\nD\u00f9ng l\u00e0m t\u1ea7m, c\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 d\u1eabn c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        (\u1ec9)<\/span><\/td>\n(2)<\/span><\/td>\n(3)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o g\u1ed1c vu\u00f4ng \u00eake): b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7, nh\u00f4m.<\/span><\/td>\n700-1000 1<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111o, ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c g\u00f3c vu\u1ecfng, \u0111\u1ed9 th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 liv\u00f4.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Th\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9n: b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p l\u00e1 cu\u1ed9n tr\u00f2n trong h\u1ed9p tr\u00f2n, d\u00e0i 10 – 20m.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111o c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng d\u00e0i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Th\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ebfp: b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p, nh\u00f4m ho\u1eb7c g\u1ed7, d\u00e0i l-2m.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111o c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng ng\u1eafn.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Gi\u00e1c m\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o m\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

        T\u1eeb tim tr\u00ean c\u1ecdc ng\u1ef1a \u0111o sang hai b\u00ean, m\u1ed7i b\u00ean b\u1ea7ng 1\/2 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1y h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng, th\u1ea3 d\u1ecdi truy\u1ec1n 2 m\u00e9p m\u00f3ng v\u1eeba v\u1ea1ch xu\u1ed1ng n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb. L\u00e0m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 cho 4 g\u00f3c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n. C\u0103ng d\u00e2y ki\u1ec3m tra g\u00f3c vu\u00f2ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed5 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o. Khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e1c g\u00f3c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u0103ng d\u00e2y qua c\u00e1c c\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb, theo d\u00e2y d\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4i b\u1ed9t t\u1ea1o m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1y h\u00f4’ m\u00f3ng. T\u1eeb 4 g\u00f3c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ecdc ng\u1ee5a trung gian, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1y h\u00f4’ m\u00f3ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

        223. \u0110\u00e0o v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec1n \u00e2\u1ea9t Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn phu\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i m\u00f3ng, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e0o, th\u1eddi gian thi c\u00f4ng theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng thi c\u00f4ng, nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

        \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng: \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7<\/p>\n

        c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

        V\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i<\/p>\n

        l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00edt th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi. V\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn n\u00ean \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi c\u00f4ng c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

        \u0110\u00e0o v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng:<\/span><\/p>\n

        Thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi c\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. D\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0: x\u1ebbng, cu\u1ed1c, b\u00e0n, cu\u1ed1c chim, mai, k\u00e9o c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea5t, cho\u00f2ng,… . V\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u00f3: quang g\u00e1nh, xe c\u00fat k\u00edt, xe c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, xe go\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n

        Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc:<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. 10.\u0110\u1ec3 thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t (xem h\u00ecnh II\u1ebf<\/sub>5). X\u00fac \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f9ng x\u1ebbng vu\u00f4ng, cong; \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t d\u00f9ng x\u1ebbng tr\u00f2n, th\u1eb3ng. \u0110\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng d\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1c chim, x\u00e0 beng; \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1c, mai, x\u1ebbng; \u0111\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo m\u1ec1m d\u00f9ng k\u00e9o c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea5t, mai. \u0110\u1ea5t l\u1eabn s\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e1 d\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1c chim, cho\u00f2ng, v.v.Ph\u1ea3i t\u1eebn c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho thi c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m th\u00edch h\u1ee3p ho\u1eb7c tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u.<\/span><\/li>\n
        2. 11.T\u1ed5 cb\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd: Ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9i theo c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c; tr\u00e1nh t\u1eadp trung ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7. H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n n\u00ean th\u1eb3ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi nhau. N\u1ebfu h\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u th\u00ec chia l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ee3t, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee3t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 thi c\u1ecfng (kho\u1ea3ng 25-30cm). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e0o, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e0o c\u00e1ch nhau sao cho b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an to\u00e0n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng (th\u01b0\u1eddng 2-3m). \u0110\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u g\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng \u0111i l\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o l\u00e0m ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cua \u0111\u1ea5t (H\u00ecnh II.7).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \u0110\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng x\u1ebbng n\u1ebfu h\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng s\u00e2u qu\u00e1 l,5m c\u00f3 th\u00ea h\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00ean mi\u1ec7ng h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng; kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb ch\u00e2n ph\u00eda’ trong \u0111\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh m\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0o \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 5m. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ec1m (\u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ecbt, \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t ch\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 sa b\u1ecb n\u00e9n \u1ec9\u00e2u, ho\u00e0ng th\u1ed5) th\u00ec \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng chi\u1ec1u cao m\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 5m. N\u1ebfu h\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u h\u01a1n l,5m th\u00ec d\u00f9ng x\u1ebbng x\u00fac \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0o s\u1ea3o ho\u1eb7c th\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n l\u00ean cao b\u1eb1ng t\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u0110\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1edbn n\u00ean t\u1ed5 cb\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1eeb hai \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2ng tuy\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

          Khi \u0111\u00e0o h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng \u1edf n\u01a1i c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c trong m\u00f9a m\u01b0a, tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee3t \u0111\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0o r\u00e3nh thu n\u01b0\u1edbc (H\u00ecnh II.8) \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01a1m n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a ra ngo\u00e0i, r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o lan ra, m\u1ed7i b\u1eadc m\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda r\u00e3nh ti\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

          Khi \u0111\u00e0o g\u1eb7p c\u00e1t ch\u1ea3y, b\u00f9n ch\u1ea3y ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00f2i b\u01a1m ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1ea7ng l\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ea1n l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc trong r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi b\u01a1m n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u01a1m n\u01b0\u00f3c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp s\u1ebd l\u00e0m r\u1ed7ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ecfng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean \u1edf xung quanh ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng nh\u00e0 l\u00e2n c\u1eadn v\u00f9ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee3t \u0111\u00e0o, \u0111\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i r\u00e3nh h\u1eb9p r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng c\u1ecdc tre xu\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1eb7t ph\u00ean n\u1ee9a v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda v\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1eb1ng sau ph\u1ebbn ch\u00e8n r\u01a1m v\u00f2 r\u1ed1i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c b\u00f9n; r\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e0o .<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u00e0o v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n <\/i>\u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o<\/span><\/p>\n

          Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y cho n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao, gi\u1ea3m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n. \u0110\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y khi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec1u, m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng thi c\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o \u00f4 t\u00f4, r\u00fat ng\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi gian thi c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

          C\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng: m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o, m\u00e1y c\u1ea1p, m\u00e1y \u1ee7i.<\/p>\n

          Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung (TCVN 4447:l987-3-D):<\/p>\n

          Thi c\u00f4ng c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u00e3 c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf thi c\u00f4ng (ho\u0103c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p thi c\u00f4ng) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy\u1ec7t. Trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf thi c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00eau r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n sau \u0111\u00e2y :<\/span><\/p>\n

            \n
          1. 12.Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111i\u1ebfu ki\u1ec7n thi c\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n;<\/span><\/li>\n
          2. 13.Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n thi c\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd nh\u1ea5t;<\/span><\/li>\n
          3. 14.L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thi c\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd cho t\u1eebng ph\u1eabn, t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1n, t\u1eebng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh;<\/li>\n
          4. 15.L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n theo c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u nh\u00f3m m\u00e1y h\u1ee3p l\u00fd nh\u1ea5t, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. N\u00eau s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thi c\u00f4ng, ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu, hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t th\u1ee7y v\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra c\u00e1cbi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u00e1t h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 ra c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u00fan, s\u1ea1t l\u1edf, ng\u1eadp l\u1ee5t, l\u1ea7y th\u1ee5t v.v. khi m\u01b0a b\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

            Ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn khoang \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y h\u1ee3p l\u00ed nh\u1ea5t cho t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi c\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng \u01b0lnh.<\/p>\n

            Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt:<\/p>\n

            M\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o g\u1ea9u ng\u1eeda d\u00f9ng d\u00ea \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1, tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e0o c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m t\u01a1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

            M\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o l\u1eafp thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb g\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e2y, g\u1ea7u s\u1ea5p, g\u1ea7u ngo\u1ea1m d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, s\u00ecnh l\u1ea7y, \u0111\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ee9ng, v\u00e9t b\u00f9n, b\u1ea1t m\u00e1i d\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t r\u00f2i v.v.<\/p>\n

            Ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3ng, m\u00e1y ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

            Khi \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t, ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong khoang \u0111\u00e0o. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c n\u1ec1n khoang \u0111\u00e0o h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00eda ngo\u00e0i, tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 3%. Khi \u0111\u00e0o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t,<\/p>\n

            Chi\u1ec1u cao khoang th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o cho trong b\u1ea3ng 1.8.<\/p>\n

            \n\n\n\n
            B\u1ea3ng 1.8<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n
            \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            Lo\u1ea1\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea5t<\/td>\nDung t\u00edch g\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o (m3<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            0,15 – 0,35<\/td>\n0,5 – 0,8<\/td>\n1,0 -1,25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0110\u1ea5t t\u01a1i x\u1ed1p<\/td>\n1,75<\/td>\n2,0<\/td>\n2,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0110\u1ea5t trung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\n2,5<\/td>\n3,0<\/td>\n3,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0110\u1ea5t ch\u1eafc<\/td>\n4,0<\/td>\n4,5<\/td>\n5,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

             <\/p>\n

            Khi ch\u1ecdn \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o th\u00ec n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4 t\u00f4 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o t\u1eeb 15 \u0111\u1ebfn 20%.<\/p>\n

            Dung t\u00edch c\u1ee7a th\u00f9ng \u00f4 t\u00f4 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng 4 \u0111\u1ebfn 7 l\u1ea7n dung t\u00edch c\u1ee7a g\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n ch\u1eb5n c\u1ee7a g\u1ea7u m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

            M\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb g\u1ea7u s\u1ea5p v\u00e0 g\u1ea7u d\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 thi c\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ea5t b nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ee9ng…, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a m\u00e1y v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, ph\u1ea3i san b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 g\u1ed3 gh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 d\u1ecdn s\u1ea1ch nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ee9ng (g\u1ea1ch, g\u1ed7, \u0111\u00e1 m\u1ed5 c\u00f4i V.V.).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

            \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o g\u1ea7u s\u1ea5p, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a khoang \u0111\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u00e1c tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 cho ph\u00e9p trong b\u1ea3ng 1.9.<\/p>\n

            \u0110\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o g\u1ea7u M\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o g\u1ea7u ng\u1eeda th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n<\/span><\/p>\n

            cao tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y d\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ea5p I d\u1ebfn c\u1ea5p IV.<\/p>\n

            \u0110\u00e0o m\u00f3ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o g\u1ea7u ng\u1eeda, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 dung t\u00edch g\u1ea7u t\u1edbi 1,6m<\/span><\/p>\n

            Ph\u1ea1m vi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng: D\u00f9ng khi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e0o l\u1edbn, th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n thi c\u00f4ng ng\u1eafn. \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5 l\u00ean xe v\u00e2n t\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 tr\u00ean mi\u1ec7ng h\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

            \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m: N\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao \u0111\u1ed5 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea9y g\u1ea7u l\u1edbn; hi\u00eau su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed5 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u d\u1ea9y-tay g\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

            Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m: Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e0o kh\u00f4; t\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean, xu\u1ed1ng cho m\u00e1y v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i.<\/span><\/p>\n

            C\u00d3 hai ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e0o: \u0111\u00e0o d\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o ngang. \u0110\u00e0o d\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u00f4 t\u00f4 ch\u1ea1y d\u1ecdc theo khoang \u0111\u00e0o; h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng r\u1ed9ng n\u00ean \u0111\u00e0o d\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed5 b\u00ean n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao \u0111\u1ed5 T chu k\u1ef3 nh\u1ecf (H\u00ecnh II. 1 la), h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng h\u1eb9p ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e0o d\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed5 sau<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

            \u0110\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y c\u1ea9n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m t\u00f9ng gi\u00e2y trong th\u1eddi gian quay g\u1ea7u t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n

            Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o d\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed5 b\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ng\u1eafn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1eeda chu k\u1ef3 quay c\u1ee7a g\u1ea7u. N\u1ebfu r\u00fat ng\u1eafn<\/p>\n

            m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 c\u1ed5ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a g\u1ea7u x\u00fac 1 gi\u00e3y s\u1ebd t\u0103ng n\u00e2ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng 5%.<\/p>\n

            \u0110\u00e0o ngang: \u0111u\u1eddng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a xe t\u1ea3i th\u1eb3ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o . N\u1ebfu h\u1ed1<\/p>\n

            m\u00f3ng s\u00e2u h\u01a1n chi\u1ec1u cao khoang \u0111\u00e0o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i chia ra nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o. Trong khoang \u0111\u00e0o, n\u1ebfu xe t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9ng cao h\u01a1n m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e0o theo b\u00e2c Dung t\u00edch g\u1ea7u 0,25 –  \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ea5p I, II; \u0111ung t\u00edch g\u1ea7u 0,65 -1,6m3<\/sup> \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ea5p l\u0169, IV.<\/p>\n

            M\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c<\/p>\n

            D\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e0o h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1edbi n\u1ec1n m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ee9ng, h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng h\u1eb9p, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn, kh\u00f3 t\u1ed5 cb\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y x\u00fac g\u1ea7u thu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

            \u0110\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea5t \u01b0\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e0o. Khi \u0111\u00e0o h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng r\u1ed9ng n\u1eafng su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 20- 25% n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o g\u1ea7u ng\u1eeda c\u00f9ng dung t\u00edch g\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00e0o h\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e0o n\u00f4ng < 5,5m.<\/p>\n

            C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0o d\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o ngang.<\/p>\n

            \u0110\u00e0o d\u1ecdc (\u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec9nh): M\u00e1y \u0111\u1ee9ng \u00f2 \u0111\u1ec9nh h\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e0o, khi h\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e0o c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng E > 3m \u0129H\u00ecnh II. 15).<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u0110\u00e0o ngang (\u0111\u00e0o b\u00ean): M\u00e1y \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh h\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e0o, khi h\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e0o c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng E < 3m, m\u00e1y \u00edt \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

            N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e0o h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng r\u1ed9ng th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0o l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u tuy\u1ebfn song song nhau.<\/p>\n

            Ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o n\u00ean d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t, lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung, trong th\u00e0nh ph\u00f4’ n\u00ean d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o b\u00e1nh l\u1ed1p. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i n\u00ean d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o b\u00e1nh x\u00edch.<\/p>\n

            B\u1ea3ng 1.10 cho s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u ch\u1ecdn dung t\u00edch g\u1ea7u theo kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

            \n\n\n\n
            B\u1eb1ng 1.10<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n
            \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng (W)<\/td>\nq(m3<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            <\/td>\n0,4 – 0,65<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            20 000 – 60 000<\/td>\n1 – 1,6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            60 000 – 100 000<\/td>\n1,6-2,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            > 100 000<\/td>\n>2,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

             <\/p>\n

            \u0110\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y \u1ee7i:<\/span><\/p>\n

            M\u00e1y \u1ee7i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u00e1y san, m\u00e1y c\u1ea1p l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t. M\u00e1y \u1ee7i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y c\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n

            M\u00e1y \u1ee7i d\u00f9ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ea5p I, II, in. V\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ea5p IV c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m t\u01a1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc. D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 l\u00f3n c\u00f3 b\u1ec3 r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 2 – 4m, s\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 2m, san l\u1ea5p m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t, b\u00f3c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e0o k\u00eanh m\u01b0\u01a1ng, d\u1eafp n\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 2m, d\u1ecdn m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng, x\u1edbi t\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1eafn, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t 30 – 70m.<\/span><\/p>\n

            M\u00e1y \u1ee7i c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o nh\u1ed5 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u00e2y, k\u00e9o \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1p khi l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y c\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec7n, k\u00e9o n\u00e2ng khi d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1p, d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 v.v.<\/p>\n

            M\u00e1y \u1ee7i v\u1ea1n n\u0103ng (H\u00ecnh 11.16) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ea9y theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c m\u00e1y t\u1eeb 60 – 90\u00b0, theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb1m ngang t\u1eeb 5 -6\u00b0.<\/span><\/p>\n

            M\u00e1y \u1ee7i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e2n h\u00e0nh theo s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00f9i ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebfn quay. H\u00ecnh n. 17 l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00f9i khi m\u00e1y \u1ee7i \u0111\u00e0o h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng.M\u00e1y \u1ee7i \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n theo h\u1ed9 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u g\u1ecdn, l\u1ef1c \u1ea5n l\u1edbn, \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

            \u0110\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y c\u1ea1p:<\/span><\/p>\n

            M\u00e1y c\u1ea1p d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ea5p I-n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m th\u00edch h\u1ee3p w = 8-12%, \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ea5p III-IV ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m t\u01a1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u00e3ng x\u1edbi; b\u00f3c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed5, \u0111\u1eafp (Lvc = 300 – 5000m) ho\u1eb7c r\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafp n\u1ec1n theo t\u1eebng l\u1edbp d\u00e0y (\u1ed9 = 0,2 – 0,65m); san v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t. So v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c, m\u00e1y c\u1ea1p c\u00f3 \u01b0u di\u1ebfm: n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao (q=l,5 – 40171′); v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t di xa, \u00edt r\u01a1i v\u00e3i.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

            Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m: n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p khi \u0111\u00e0o \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u1ea5p m\u00f4 ( > \u00b10,5 -6m); kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1eabn \u0111\u00e1 to, c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i… ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 d\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

            H\u00ecnh 11.18 l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y c\u1ea1p mo\u00f3c.<\/p>\n

            \u0110\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea5t<\/span><\/p>\n

            L\u1ea5p m\u00f3ng, t\u00f4n n\u1ec1n nh\u00e0, n\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1eafp d\u1eadp, v.v. \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi c\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eafp.<\/p>\n

            Y\u00eau c\u1ea9u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (TCVN 4447:1987-8)<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

            \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u1eb7t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ea t\u00edch kh\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t hay h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 l\u00e0m ch\u1eb7t.<\/span><\/p>\n

            Mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch kh\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafp ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ed9 sai l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafp n\u00ean dao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 sau: \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t d\u00ednh 10%; d\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh 20% c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

            Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1eafp ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m trong ph\u1ea1m vi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n qu\u00e1 kh\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00eam n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u1ec1n b\u1ecb qu\u00e1 \u01b0\u1edbt th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9m ch\u1eb7t. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh x\u1eddm m\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafp ti\u1ebfp theo. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00f9y theo lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n

            \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t, khi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft<\/p>\n

            \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ea t\u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u00ea \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, tham kh\u1ea3o b\u1ea3ng 1.11.<\/p>\n

            \n\n\n\n
            B\u1ea3ng 1.11<\/span><\/p>\n
            \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            Lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed9 \u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebf<\/p>\n

            (%)<\/td>\n

            		Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ea t\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t khi \u0111\u1ea7m n\u00e9n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            C\u00e1t<\/td>\n8 – 12<\/td>\n1,75 – 1,95<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00e1t pha<\/td>\n9- 15<\/td>\n1,85- 1,95<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0110\u1ea5t pha s\u00e9t nh\u1eb9<\/td>\n12- 18<\/td>\n1,65-1,85<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0110\u1ea5t pha s\u00e9t n\u1eb7ng<\/td>\n15-22<\/td>\n1,60- 1,80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            S\u00e9t<\/td>\n18-25<\/td>\n1,55 – 1,75<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

             <\/p>\n

            Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169 v\u00e0 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edfi li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eafc v\u1edbi nhau, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t nh\u1eb5n gi\u1eefa hai l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 \u00edi\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafp.<\/p>\n

            Vi\u00eac \u0111\u1ea7m n\u00e9n kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafp ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh theo \u0111\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n t\u1eebng l\u1edbp v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5, san v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m sao cho thi c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao nh\u1ea5t. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u d\u1ea7y l\u1edbp l\u1ea3i v\u00e0 s\u00f4’ l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ea7m theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

            \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00ednh, ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7m b\u00e1nh h\u01a1i, \u0111\u1ea7m ch\u00e2n d\u00ea, m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea7m n\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea7m rung, \u0111\u1ea7m n\u00ean ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m b\u00e1nh h\u01a1i.<\/p>\n

            Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ea7m ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u1ea7n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c\u00ed d\u1ea7m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e9\u2019 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea7m h\u1ee3p l\u00fd nh\u1ea5t (\u00e1p su\u1ea5t d\u1ea7m, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea1y m\u00e1y, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ea3i, s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n d\u1ea7m, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebf).<\/p>\n

            Trong th\u00e2n kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafp kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00f3 hi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00f9ng nh\u00f9ng. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00f9ng nh\u00f9ng v\u1edbi di\u00ean t\u00edch nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 5m2<\/sup> v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea7m th\u00ec t\u00f9y theo v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

            Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea5t rrong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p (l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0o c\u00e1c khe m\u00f3ng v.v.) c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea7m n\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ea7m n\u00ean ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng treo v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u00e1y kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u, m\u00e1y k\u00e9o, m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o…, \u1edf nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7m, ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea7m lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ecf. N\u1ebfu<\/p>\n

            Kh\u00f4ng th\u00ea \u0111\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7m th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng theo c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

            Khi \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o h\u1ed1 m\u00f3ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafp nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. Ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u00edt b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng khi ch\u1ecbu n\u00e9n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1t, c\u00e1t s\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n

            Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t, ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7m n\u00e9n, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eabu ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh theo di\u1ec7n t\u00edch (m2<\/sup>). Khi ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafp th\u00ec t\u00ednh theo kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (m^) v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i theo b\u1ea3ng 31 (TCVN 4447:1987).<\/p>\n

            Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch kh\u00f4 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p sai l\u1ec7ch th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 0,03T\/m3<\/sup> so v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. S\u1ed1 m\u1eabu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u so v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 m\u1eabu l\u1ea5y th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 5% v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

                                 L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafp<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u0110\u1ea5t d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafp ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. Khi ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i qua th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p ph\u00f4i h\u1ea1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u0110\u1ea5t d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafp; \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t, \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t pha c\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1t pha s\u00e9t.<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u0110\u1ea5! kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafp: \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 sa, c\u00e1t ch\u1ea3y, \u0111\u1ea5t b\u00f9n, \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ee5i, \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00f9n. Khi g\u1eb7p n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u0110\u1ea5t th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t \u01b0\u1edbt kh\u00f3 tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc, g\u1eb7p n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec tr\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1ee3t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ef1c ma s\u00e1t.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

            \u0110\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a h\u01a1n 50% th\u1ea1ch cao (theo kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch) d\u1ec5 h\u00fat n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u0110\u1ea5t th\u1ea5m n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n lu\u00f4n lu\u1ed1n \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edaT.<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u0110\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u r\u1ec5 c\u1ea7y, r\u01a1m r\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt (\u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt) d\u1ec5 m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t, th\u1ed1i r\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n

            C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nh\u00f3m VI; \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed7ng l\u00f3n.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                 K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t<\/span><\/p>\n

            X\u1eed l\u00fd n\u1ec1n c\u1ed5ng tr\u00ecnh, n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t: ch\u1eb7t c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e1nh r\u1ec5, ph\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i c\u00e2y c\u1ecf, b\u00f3c h\u1ebft l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1; \u0111\u00e1nh x\u1eddm b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n; \u0111\u1eafp tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n \u01b0\u1edbt, b\u00f9n, c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i b\u01a1m h\u1ebft n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch b\u00f9n.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

            Chia \u00f4 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eafp. \u0110\u1eafp n\u1ec1n r\u1ed9ng, s\u00e2n b\u00e3i ph\u1ea3i chia ra t\u1eebng \u00f4 c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1eb1ng nhau \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa d\u1ea7m v\u00e0 r\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c g\u00f3c \u00f4 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ecdc, tr\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1eb5n c\u1ed1t cao \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eafp .<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u0110\u1ea7m th\u1eed: m\u00e1y san g\u1ea1t th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y \u1ee7i, \u0111\u1ea7m l\u00e8n d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y d\u1ea7m… Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7m th\u1eed tr\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1eebng 6 – 8m2<\/sup>, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y l\u1edbp r\u1ea3i v\u00e0 s\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

            R\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea5t: ch\u1ed7 tr\u0169ng \u0111\u1eafp tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ed7 cao \u0111\u1eafp sau. R\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh l\u1edbp ngang t\u1eeb m\u00e9p bi\u00ean v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa. Khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e0y c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft th\u00ec ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7m ngay. Ch\u1ec9 r\u1ea3i l\u1edbp ti\u1ebfp theo khi l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 t\u00edch kh\u00f4. Kh\u1ecfng n\u00ean r\u1ea3i l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 m\u00f2ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m nhi\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0m c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. L\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ea3i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e0y, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ea7m r\u1ed1i n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4 ch\u1eadt c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

            L\u1ea5p m\u00f3ng, l\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5p theo t\u1eebng l\u1edbp, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbp n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7m ngay l\u1edbp \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eeb hai b\u00ean ho\u1eb7c xung quanh m\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1p t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u00eda l\u00e0m h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u m\u00f3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

            Sau khi ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1eafp v\u00e0 d\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7m.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                                  \u0110\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea5t<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u0110\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb li\u00edn qu\u00e1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho ph\u00e9p v.v.<\/span><\/p>\n

            C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f3: \u0111\u1ea7m n\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ea7m l\u0103n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m rung.<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u0110\u1ea7m n\u1ec7n: hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m xung l\u1ef1c, l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt r\u01a1i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e8n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. M\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f9 th\u1eddi gian t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ng\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t g\u00e2y bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1ng v\u1eabn truy\u1ec3n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

            \u0110\u1ea7m th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u00f3: d\u1ea7m g\u1ed7, \u0111\u1ea7m b\u1ebb t\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ea7m gang (n\u1eb7ng 8~l0kg) hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7m th\u1ea5p. \u0110\u1ea7m n\u01a1i di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p, m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

            \u0110\u1ea7m ch\u1ea3y c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi: ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ea7m n\u1eb7ng 2-4 t\u1ea5n b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p hay b\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u1ed1t th\u00e9p; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c treo tr\u00ean c\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5c c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea3i 5 t\u1ea5n, gi\u00e1 b\u00faa \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t; khi \u0111\u1ea7m m\u00e1y n\u00e2ng ch\u1ea3y l\u00ean cao 3~5m r\u1ed3i cho r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 \u0111o. Tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7m c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafp c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn; chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y l\u1edbp d\u1ea7m c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t: v\u1edbi c\u00e1t t\u1eeb 0,8-lm. v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t d\u00ednh 0,6-0,8m. S\u00f4 l\u1ea7n n\u1ec7n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 3-5 l\u1ea7n. \u0110\u1ea7u ch\u1ea3y c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi d\u00f9ng cho \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1eafp; \u0111\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gia c\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng m\u00f3ng h\u1eb9p ch\u01b0a ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. \u0110\u1ea7m c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n kho\u1ea3ng 2m \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh rung \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

            \u0110\u1ea7m l\u00e2n: th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i: lu b\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng tr\u01a1n (\u0111\u1ea7m l\u0103n m\u1eb7t nh\u1eb5n), lu ch\u00e2n c\u1eebu (d\u1ea7m l\u0103n ch\u00e2n c\u1eebu), lu b\u00e1nh l\u1edbp, l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7m t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb t\u1eeb qua s\u1ee9c n\u00e9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e1nh l\u00e0n.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

            Lu b\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng tr\u01a1n: l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o theo ho\u1eb7c t\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh (H\u00ecnh II.21), qua n\u1eafp gia t\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o trong qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

            \u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7m khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Sau khi \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda tr\u00ean b\u1ecb c\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea7m xu\u1ed1ng l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi, \u0111o \u0111\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e2’t \u0111\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 15 – 20cm; s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7m 6-10 l\u01b0\u1ee3t. B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t sau khi d\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eb5n m\u1ecbn, kh\u00f3 d\u00ednh k\u1ebft v\u1edbi l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t sau. Lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7m n\u00e0y d\u00f9ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p khi \u0111\u1ea7m b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1eabn \u0111\u00e1, \u0111\u1ea7m nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

            Lu ch\u00e2n c\u1eebu: th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i k\u00e9o theo; tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu c\u00f3 h\u00e0n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea7m , chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn 30 – 50cm, s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7m 6-10 l\u01b0\u1ee3t. D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea7m ch\u00e2n c\u1eebu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh x\u1eddm \u0111\u1ea5t; n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7m cao; n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafp sau khi \u0111\u1ea7m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t; \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea5t d\u00ednh nhung \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. Lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u trong th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

            Lu b\u00e1nh l\u1ed1p: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh ho\u1eb7c k\u00e9o theo, c\u00e1c l\u1ed1p xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai h\u00e0ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai tr\u1ee5c. Th\u00f9ng xe ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00e1t, \u0111\u00e1 ho\u1ea1c t\u1ea5m gang hay b\u00ea t\u00f4ng. Chi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3u \u0111\u1ea7m 40 – 45cm. \u0110\u1ea7m b\u00e1nh l\u1ed1p d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1eddi (s\u00f4’ l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7m 4 – 6 l\u01b0\u1ee3t), \u0111\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea5t d\u00ednh (s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1eeb 5 – 8 l\u01b0\u1ee3t). M\u00e1y c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c l\u1edbn v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao, d\u00f9ng cho m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111o t\u0103ng gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e1y v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t trong l\u1ed1p.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

            Lu rung t\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh: k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e0 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9m t\u0129nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m rung. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 hai b\u00e1nh, b\u00e1nh d\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u00e1nh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00eda sau.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

            M\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea7m rung : m\u1ea5y \u1ec9\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u1edd l\u1ef1c rung; c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i h\u01a1n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea7m t\u0129nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 10 – 12%. D\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1eddi c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft nh\u1ecf: c\u00e1t, \u0111\u00e1 c\u00e1t, \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u0103m nh\u1ecf, s\u1ecfi. \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea7m rung kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                                 K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea5t<\/span><\/p>\n

            Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t sau khi \u0111\u1ea7m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u1ee5 th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: l\u1ef1c, th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m.<\/span><\/p>\n

            L\u1ef1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng: Trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7m t\u0129nh v\u00e0 d\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1ecf th\u1ec3 t\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e8n ch\u1eafc. Mu\u1ed1n v\u1eady l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u00ea th\u1eafng l\u1ef1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh s\u00f3ng sau khi th\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea7m… Qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea7m b\u1eb1ng (0,9+1), \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t 6\u2122, = (0,9 -M)[\u00d4].<\/span><\/p>\n

            Th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7m: Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7m s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian. Khi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t th\u00ec th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. VI v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7m theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea7n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u1ef1c trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c nhi\u00eau l\u1ea9n.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

            Hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u0103ng gi\u1ea3m tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn gia t\u1ea3i), ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y khi \u0111\u1ea7m.<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u0110\u1ed9 \u1ea9m: l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m h\u1ee3p l\u00fd th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7m l\u00e8n m\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t. Qua \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb ta th\u1ea5y mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7m c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, v\u00ec v\u1eady trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7m n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ea5t \u01b0\u1edbt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ee7 \u1ea9m m\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7m. T\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t d\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng thi c\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea5t Tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea5t g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ch\u00ednh sau: c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thi c\u00f4ng c\u1ed1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb nh\u01b0: gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng, ti\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1145,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1143","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tai-lieu-thi-cong-tai-lieu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1143","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1143"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1143\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1144,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1143\/revisions\/1144"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1145"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1143"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1143"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1143"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}