{"id":1138,"date":"2019-07-13T10:32:06","date_gmt":"2019-07-13T10:32:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thuvienxaydung.com.vn\/?p=1138"},"modified":"2019-07-13T10:33:06","modified_gmt":"2019-07-13T10:33:06","slug":"8-buoc-lap-du-toan-cho-nguoi-moi-nguoi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/?p=1138","title":{"rendered":"8 b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eadp d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ai m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1eadp d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng qua nh\u1eefng b\u1ee1 ng\u1ee1 ban \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00f4i. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m D\u1ef1 to\u00e1n GXD v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn<\/font>.<\/p>\n

>>>>>>Xem th\u00eam : M\u1eabu h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 d\u1ef1 th\u1ea7u d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

>>>>>>Xem th\u00eam : Nh\u1eefng l\u01b0u \u00fd khi l\u00e0m h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 d\u1ef1 th\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

>>>>>>Xem th\u00eam : B\u00e1o gi\u00e1 l\u1eadp h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 d\u1ef1 th\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

B\u1ea1n tham kh\u1ea3o b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft sau \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00e9:
\n1- \u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/b>
\n\u0110\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh dung v\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc thi c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh. Tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0: b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb, d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng thi c\u00f4ng r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp theo. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 s\u1ee3 k\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu, k\u1ec3 s\u00f3t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c.
\nTheo t\u00f4i, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ea5y (nh\u00e1p, gi\u1ea5y in m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t) li\u1ec7t k\u00ea d\u00e0n b\u00e0i:
\nVD:
\n– Ph\u1ea7n m\u00f3ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n\t\t\t\t1<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\tAB.25213<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\t\u0110\u00e0o m\u00f3ng chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng <= 10m b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o 0,8m3, \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ea5p III<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\t100m3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\t\t\t\t2<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\tAB.11323<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\t\u0110\u00e0o m\u00f3ng b\u0103ng, r\u1ed9ng <=3m, s\u00e2u <=2m, \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ea5p III<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\tm3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\t\t\t\t3<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\tAB.13112<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\t\u0110\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1eb7t K = 0,90<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\tm3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

– Ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n\t\t\t\t9<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\tAF.11213<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\tB\u00ea t\u00f4ng m\u00f3ng r\u1ed9ng <=250cm \u0111\u00e1 1×2 M200<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\tm3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\t\t\t\t10<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\tAF.12213<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\tB\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u1ed9t ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n <= 0,1m2 h<=4m \u0111\u00e1 1×2 M200<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\tm3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\t\t\t\t11<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\tAF.32313<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\tB\u00ea t\u00f4ng x\u00e0 d\u1ea7m, gi\u1eb1ng, s\u00e0n m\u00e1i \u0111\u00e1 1×2 M200 (sx qua d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n tr\u1ea1m tr\u1ed9n ho\u1eb7c BT th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m, \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng b\u01a1m BT)<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\tm3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\t\t\t\t12<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\tAF.32113<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\tB\u00ea t\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1 1×2 M200 d\u00e0y <=45cm h<=4m (sx qua d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n tr\u1ea1m tr\u1ed9n ho\u1eb7c BT th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m) \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y b\u01a1m<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\tm3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

– Ph\u1ea7n m\u00e1i
\n– Ph\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7n
\n– Ph\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc
\n– Ph\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n
\n– \u2026
\nSau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ebb nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3.
\nVD:
\n– Ph\u1ea7n m\u00f3ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0: \u0110\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t, b\u00ea t\u00f4ng l\u00f3t, v\u00e1n khu\u00f4n m\u00f3ng, c\u1ed1t th\u00e9p m\u00f3ng, b\u00ea t\u00f4ng m\u00f3ng\u2026
\n– Ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n: C\u1ed1t th\u00e9p + V\u00e1n khu\u00f4n + b\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng 1, C\u1ed1t th\u00e9p + V\u00e1n khu\u00f4n + b\u00ea t\u00f4ng d\u1ea7m, s\u00e0n t\u1ea7ng 1, x\u00e2y t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea7ng 1\u2026
\nTi\u1ebfp theo b\u1ea1n xem b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 ghi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra gi\u1ea5y, trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m D\u1ef1 to\u00e1n <\/b>b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ec7nh: Ti\u1ec7n \u00edch -> B\u1ea3ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \/ D\u1ef1 to\u00e1n<\/b> \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. B\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0a kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea1n t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadp s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u, D\u1ef1 to\u00e1n GXD t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n. R\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb. B\u1ea1n c\u0169ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ed5 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1. V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb l\u00fac chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u1ea7u to\u00e0n qu\u00e1 b\u1ea1n nh\u00e9, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, c\u1ee9 b\u1ecf qua, l\u00e0m ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ea7n sau \u2013 ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n thi m\u00f4n To\u00e1n, h\u00e3y ch\u1ecdn b\u00e0i d\u1ec5 l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ea1m b\u1ecf qua b\u00e0i kh\u00f3, d\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian s\u1ebd quay l\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u00e0i kh\u00f3 sau.
\n\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee9 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec \u0111i, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd quen th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

2- V\u1ec1 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n:<\/b>
\nN\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn xong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m. Th\u00ec gi\u1edd s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n sang ph\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ed3i. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc kh\u1ed1i ng\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd \u0111o b\u00f3c kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: <\/p>\n

\"\"
\nK\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc kh\u1ed1i ng\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c thi c\u00f4ng th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n n\u00ean b\u1ecf kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 xem, hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd v\u00ec \u0111\u00f4i khi chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n n\u1eb1m \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00ean xem, \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u c\u0169ng c\u1ef1c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh qua c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1eeba thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, v\u1eeba l\u1eadp d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n th\u00ec khi l\u1eadp d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n s\u1ebd thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 g\u1eb1ng h\u1ebft m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00ean nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh, c\u00f2n m\u1ea5y c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c nho nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd g\u00f3p \u00fd cho m\u00ecnh (VD: \u0110\u1ed9i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, T\u01b0 v\u1ea5n th\u1ea9m tra d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n, nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m), th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ea7u c\u00f2n c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m r\u00f5 l\u1ea1i kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eeba thi\u1ebfu l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ea7u, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat v\u00ec t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n l\u1eadp d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, b\u1ed5 sung. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng sao ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea1n, ai m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1eb3ng g\u1eb7p gian nan.<\/p>\n

3- V\u1ec1 chi\u1ebft t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u00e1:<\/b>
\nC\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t: D\u1ef1 to\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u00e1. Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf tr\u00ean, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh th\u00eam \u0111\u01a1n gi\u00e1. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u00e1 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 4 lo\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u: \u0110\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c, gi\u00e1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng (ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng hay ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y c\u00f4ng), gi\u00e1 ca m\u00e1y. \u0110\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c l\u00e0 hao ph\u00ed t\u1ed1i \u0111a \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u01b0a r\u00e0nh l\u1eafm b\u1ea1n c\u1ee9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean theo \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c m\u1edf c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ra \u0111\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o, h\u1ecd \u00e1p th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00ecnh \u00e1p th\u1ebf (d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea9m tra ho\u1eb7c h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 thanh quy\u1ebft to\u00e1n c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t). Khi n\u00e0o quen tay r\u1ed3i th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 can thi\u1ec7p s\u00e2u th\u00eam v\u00ec \u0111\u00f4i khi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf thi c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p th\u00ec c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh (VD: \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5, m\u00e1y thi c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft b\u1ecf). L\u01b0u \u00fd : m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u ban h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u00e1 ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ea5y nh\u00e9.
\nTrong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m D\u1ef1 to\u00e1n GXD, vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebft t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u00e1 cho h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t nhanh, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh b\u1ea5m: Chi ph\u00ed x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng -> 5. T\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft<\/b>. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, m\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u00e1. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c li\u00ean k\u1ebft trong D\u1ef1 to\u00e1n GXD \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

4- V\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u:<\/b>
\n\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. V\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u1ee9 s\u1eeda tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp trong b\u1ea3ng t\u00ednh gi\u00e1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u00ec nh\u1eadp th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o b\u1ea3ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch v\u1eadt t\u01b0. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 v\u1eadt t\u01b0 l\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3? B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o C\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 gi\u00e1 li\u00ean S\u1edf XD-TC \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng (giaxaydung.vn) ho\u1eb7c \u0111i kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00ednh gi\u00e1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd n\u00f3i \u1edf b\u00e0i kh\u00e1c. Trong D\u1ef1 to\u00e1n GXD, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem \u1edf sheet Gia VLHT (ho\u1eb7c VLHT).<\/p>\n

5- V\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng:<\/b>
\nS\u1ebd n\u00f3i \u1edf b\u00e0i kh\u00e1c (b\u1ea1n ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u00f3n xem nh\u00e9). V\u1edbi D\u1ef1 to\u00e1n GXD c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n b\u1ea3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c trong Excel, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

6- V\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 ca m\u00e1y:<\/b>
\nS\u1ebd n\u00f3i \u1edf b\u00e0i kh\u00e1c (b\u1ea1n ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u00f3n xem nh\u00e9). Duy nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 D\u1ef1 to\u00e1n GXD c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n b\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1 ca m\u00e1y v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c trong Excel, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

7- M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p kinh ph\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1:<\/b>
\n– \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 chi ph\u00ed nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng, m\u00e1y thi c\u00f4ng: M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ri\u00eang t\u00f9y theo m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f9ng, mi\u1ec1n;
\n– Chi ph\u00ed tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ph\u00ed kh\u00e1c, chi ph\u00ed chung, thu nh\u1eadp ch\u1ecbu thu\u1ebf t\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1edbc: Trong Th\u00f4ng t\u01b0 04\/2010\/TT-BXD c\u00f3 b\u1ea3ng 3.7, 3.8 \u0111\u1ec3 tra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c chi ph\u00ed n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh (c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, giao th\u00f4ng, th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i hay h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. B\u1ea3ng 3.7, 3.8 trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m D\u1ef1 to\u00e1n GXD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eb5n \u1edf sheet Ts \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ec7n tra c\u1ee9u.
\n– Trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m D\u1ef1 to\u00e1n GXD: C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c chi ph\u00ed qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, chi ph\u00ed t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi ph\u00ed kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i suy v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u00f9y theo t\u00ednh tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng ho\u1eb7c t\u1eebng c\u00e1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: chi ph\u00ed x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, chi ph\u00ed thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb.
\n– CP d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng: G\u1ed3m hai lo\u1ea1i Chi ph\u00ed d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng cho kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t sinh th\u00ec trong d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng 5% c\u00e1c chi ph\u00ed t\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc (xem th\u00eam Th\u00f4ng t\u01b0 04\/2010\/TT-BXD, ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c 03). Chi ph\u00ed d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng do y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t gi\u00e1, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3. Duy nh\u1ea5t D\u1ef1 to\u00e1n GXD x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. B\u1edfi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u00e0 s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u00ec c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd tham gia c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: \u0110\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u0111o b\u00f3c kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: \u0110o b\u00f3c kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u1eadp d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o theo ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m D\u1ef1 to\u00e1n GXD hay nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc xong v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi ng\u1ee1 ng\u00e0ng b\u1edfi v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eb7ng ph\u1ea7n qu\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f2n cao h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed.
\n8- \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n t\u1ed1t b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/b>
\nN\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m tr\u00e1i ng\u00e0nh th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eebng c\u00f3 ng\u1ea1i. Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00edch l\u0169y d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n n\u00ean t\u00ecm s\u00e1ch, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc:
\n– K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thi c\u00f4ng. N\u00ean t\u00ecm c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: N\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft b\u1ea1n \u0111ang l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng, th\u00ec ch\u1edb th\u1ea5y s\u00e1ch k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thi c\u00f4ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ea t\u00f4ng hay m\u00e0 lao v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecdc ngay. N\u00ean t\u00ecm s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thi c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3.
\n– Bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p thi c\u00f4ng.
\n– C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thi c\u00f4ng.
\nN\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ra c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch l\u0169y k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch quan s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111ang x\u00e2y (tranh th\u1ee7, theo d\u00f5i), xem video, nghe ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n, xem c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ai m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1eadp d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng qua nh\u1eefng b\u1ee1 ng\u1ee1 ban \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00f4i. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m D\u1ef1 to\u00e1n GXD v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn. >>>>>>Xem th\u00eam : M\u1eabu h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 d\u1ef1…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1140,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1138","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1138","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1138"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1138\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1139,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1138\/revisions\/1139"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1140"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1138"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1138"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tailieuxaydung.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1138"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}